Genetics Review (Basic)

1. What is the molecule that carries all the information about how a living thing will look and function? DNA

2. Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell? DNA is located in the nucleus

3. What are the factors that control an individual’s characteristics and are passed down from parent to offspring? Genes

4. Where are genes located? On DNA Gene 1 Gene 2

5. Some genes come in more than one form that can express different traits. What are these different forms called? Alleles Spot Color Gene Red spot allele Yellow spot allele

Principle of Dominance 6. The principle which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. Principle of Dominance Kinked tails are dominant over straight tails.

7. A specific characteristic of an individual, like flower color. Trait

8. The process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell. Fertilization

9. The separation of alleles. Segregation White flower allele p Purple flower allele P

10. Another name for sex cells. Gametes Sperm Egg

11. The likelihood that a particular event will occur. Probability

12. The probability that a coin will come up heads three times in a row. ½ ½ ½ x x = 1/8 ?

13. Having two identical alleles for a particular gene. Homozygous T T Tall allele Tall allele

14. The physical characteristics of an organism. Phenotype

15. Having two different alleles for a particular gene. Heterozygous Tall allele T t Short allele

16. The genetic makeup of an organism. Genotype TtppRrIIggYY

17. How many different gametes can a Tt individual produce? Two: T t

18. How many different gametes can a RrGg individual produce? Four: R r G g R r G g

18. How many different gametes can a RrGg individual produce? Four: R r G g R r G g RG

18. How many different gametes can a RrGg individual produce? Four: R R r G g r G g RG Rg

18. How many different gametes can a RrGg individual produce? Four: R R r G g r G g RG Rg rG

19. How many different gametes can a IIrrYY individual produce? One: IIrrYY I r Y

20. What is the square below called? A Punnett Square x P R Round seed Wrinkled seed r Legend F1

21. What does P and F1 stand for? Parental generation x P R Round seed Wrinkled seed r Legend F1 Filial generation (offspring)

22. What is the genotype of each parent? x ? r r R Round seed Wrinkled seed r Legend F1 R r

22. What is the genotype of each parent? Homozygous recessive Heterozygous Rr x rr r r R Round seed Wrinkled seed r Legend F1 R r

23. What is the phenotype of each parent? Round seeds Wrinkled seeds Rr x rr r r R Round seed Wrinkled seed r Legend F1 R r

24. Complete the Punnett Square? Rr x rr r r R Round seed Wrinkled seed r Legend F1 Rr Rr R r rr rr

25. What percent of the F1 offspring are homozygous recessive? 50 % Rr x rr r r R Round seed Wrinkled seed r Legend F1 Rr Rr R r rr rr

0 % PP x pp p p P p Pp Pp P P Pp Pp 26. For this cross, what percent of F1 offspring will be homozygous dominant? 0 % PP x pp P p p P Purple flower White flower p Legend F1 Pp Pp P P Pp Pp

Independent assortment 27. A principle that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. Independent assortment

28. How many different gametes can the three sets of chromosomes shown below form when they assort independently ?

23 = Eight different gametes 28. How many different gametes can the three sets of chromosomes shown below form when they assort independently ? 23 = Eight different gametes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

29. Name the type of inheritance pattern displayed by the examples shown below. Codominance Roan cow Pinto (Paint) Erminette chicken Spangled chicken

30. Name the type of inheritance pattern shown below Incomplete dominance X Parents F1 Hybrids X F2

Multiple alleles P = pattern p = no pattern PM = Moon PB = Box 31. Name the type of inheritance pattern displayed by the examples shown below. Multiple alleles P = pattern p = no pattern PM = Moon PB = Box

Polygenic Inheritance 32. Name the type of inheritance pattern displayed by the examples shown below. Polygenic Inheritance Human eye color and fruit fly eye color

33. Besides genotype, what other factor influences how a snowshoe hare’s phenotype (coat color) changes over a period of one year? The environment

34. Put the following phases of meiosis I in the correct order of occurrence and then label them.

34. Put the following phases of meiosis I in the correct order of occurrence and then label them. Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Interphase II D B A E C

35. Put the following phases of meiosis II in the correct order of occurrence and then label them. Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Interphase II F G H I J

35. Put the following phases of meiosis II in the correct order of occurrence and then label them. Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Interphase II F G H I J

35. Put the following phases of meiosis II in the correct order of occurrence and then label them. Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Interphase II C D E A B J F I H G Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II Cytokinesis

36. Draw a diagram showing the process of crossing over.

37. Draw two genes that are not linked. Because the black and green genes are on separate chromosomes, they are not linked.

38. Draw two genes that are linked. Linked genes Because the purple and white genes are on the same chromosome, they are linked.

39. Which gene pair is most likely to be separated by a crossing over event and why? Because genes A and C are far apart from each other, there is a high probability that a crossing over event will occur between them. Genes A and C Because genes B and C are very close to one another, there is a low probability that a crossing over event will occur between them.

40. Who is this guy and what important work did he do? Gregor Mendel: He discovered some basic rules of heredity by experimenting with pea plants.