AP BIOLOGY Chapter 9 Metabolism

Tell which molecules are oxidized and which are reduced in this reaction Loss of hydrogen atoms Gain of hydrogen atoms Energy Glucose is oxidized; oxygen is reduced

Krebs cycle is also called the ______________ cycle What is the equation for cellular respiration? How many carbons are in pyruvic acid? Citric acid Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) 6 O2 + C6H12O6 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy 3

Name the 6 carbon molecule that forms when OAA picks up 2 carbons from acetyl CoA What happens to Coenzyme A after acetyl Co-A drops off its 2 carbons to the Krebs cycle? Citric acid (citrate) Recycles and picks up 2 more carbons from pyruvate

Which pathway generates the most energy from glucose? FERMENTATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular respiration Where does glycolysis take place? cytoplasm

inner membrane (cristae) ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; Identify the part: A = ______________ B = ______________ C = ______________ D = ________________ E = ________________ E Outer membrane Intermembrane space inner membrane (cristae) matrix cytoplasm

Give the chemical equation for Lactic acid fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+ After glycolysis, which pathway will pyruvic acid follow if oxygen is present? It will enter the Krebs cycle

glycolysis Krebs cycle Identify the 3 stages of cellular respiration: #1 = _____________ #2 = _____________ #3 = _____________ glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport chain ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

False; both plants and animals have mitochondria True or False Only animal cells have mitochondria False; both plants and animals have mitochondria How many carbons are in a glucose molecule? 6; C6H12O6

Give the chemical equation for alcoholic fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ How many ATP’s are required to get glycolysis started? 2 ATP

Presence or absence of oxygen After glycolysis, what determines which pathway pyruvic acid will follow? Presence or absence of oxygen Name the two kinds of fermentation Lactic acid and alcoholic

What is the net production of ATP during glycolysis? During ______________ fats can be broken down into 2 carbon units that enter the Krebs cycle to be burned for energy instead of glucose. Uses 2 ATP; produces 4 ATP Net gain of 2 ATP Beta oxidation

How is pyruvate different from pyruvic acid? Both are forms of same molecule Pyruvate is pyruvic acid that has lost an H.

D B E C Tell its location: Where Krebs cycle happens = ___ ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; Tell its location: Where Krebs cycle happens = ___ Where is the Electron Transport Chain found = ___ H+ ions accumulate here during electron transport = ___ Place where glycolysis happens= ___ D C B E

Which electron carrier produces the most ATP… NADH or FADH2? WHY? Each NADH makes 3 ATP Each FADH2 makes 2 ATP NADH releases its electrons at the beginning of ETC so 3 H+ are pumped across the membrane; FADH2 drops off its electrons farther down the chain at cytochrome c so it misses the first proton pump and less H+ are pumped across the membrane. Return of H+ through ATP synthase produces ATP

Name the 3 carbon molecule produced during glycolysis Type of fermentation used to make yogurt, cheese, saurkraut, kimchi, buttermilk, etc. Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) Lactic acid

Muscle fatigue is caused when the process of fermentation produces _____________ Lactic acid The energy produced by electrons passing down the Electron Transport chain are used to pump which ion into the intermembrane space? H+ ions are pumped from the matrix and accumulate in the intermembrane space

Why is the Krebs cycle also called the citric acid cycle? Which parts of cellular respiration require oxygen? Krebs cycle & Electron transport chain Why is the Krebs cycle also called the citric acid cycle? Citric acid is the first compound formed during the Krebs cycle

Adenosine triphosphate http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/w/a/atp.jpg Name this molecule Adenosine triphosphate

Which kind of fermentation puts the air holes in bread? Alcoholic fermentation releases CO2 bubbles which pop and leave holes in the bread What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the Electron Transport Chain during cellular respiration? oxygen

Alcohol evaporates during cooking If alcoholic fermentation is what makes bread rise, why don’t we get intoxicated from eating the bread? Alcohol evaporates during cooking During short term exercise muscle cells are using which pathway to provide energy? Lactic acid fermentation cellular respiration lactic acid fermentation

What happens to the CO2 produced when pyruvic acid is broken down? It is released into the atmosphere What is the energy tally from 1 molecule of pyruvic acid completing the Krebs cycle? __ NADH __ ATP __ FADH2 __ CO2 4 1 1 6

The generation of ATP from a proton gradient that occurs in all living things is called _________________ chemiosmosis http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html

Organisms that can use either fermentation or cellular respiration are called ________________ Where are cytochromes found? How do prokaryotes do cellular respiration if they don’t have mitochondria? Facultative anaerobes Part of electron transport chain ETC proteins are in plasma membrane; infolding to make pockets creates places to make H+ gradients and run ETC to make ATP

How do the levels of AMP and ATP play a regulatory role in the glycolysis pathway? High levels of AMP (means cell is low in ATP) stimulate phosphofructokinase in glycolysis pathway; High levels of ATP inhibit phosphofructokinase to shut off pathway (don’t run glycolysis if not needed)

= __________________________ OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION Using a proton gradient created by electron transport chain to make ATP = __________________________ OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION MITOCHONDRION

Using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient = __________________ SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION

Glycolysis is also called the ____________________ pathway. The enzyme cofactor that is part of Coenzyme A comes from vitamin __ __________ is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide. Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway B CATALASE

When you did this lab, what was the purpose of adding sulfuric acid? Acid denatures the catalase enzyme and stops the reaction

Name the cell part that contains catalase to break down peroxide. When hydrogen peroxide is broken down, what gas is produced? peroxisome oxygen

Name these molecules Pyruvic acid Lactic acid Alcohol (Ethyl) http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/w/a/atp.jpg Name these molecules Pyruvic acid Lactic acid Alcohol (Ethyl)

NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NADH_phys_alt.svg Name this molecule NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NADH_phys_alt.svg Name this molecule NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NADH_phys_alt.svg Name this molecule FADH2 (Flavin adenine dinucleotide)