A ERODROME T RAINING C OURSE Module 5 Part 1 Visual Navigation Aids

L EARNING O UTCOME On completion of this module participants will be able to explain the requirements of visual aids to facilitate aerodrome operations. They will have an understanding of :  Indicators  Markings  Lights  Signs  Markers With access to reference material participants will be able to determine the detail requirements of Visual aids for Navigation

I NDICATORS Wind Direction Indicators Landing Direction Indicator Signalling Lamp

W IND D IRECTION I NDICATOR An aerodrome shall be equipped with at least one wind direction indicator Visible from aircraft in flight Visible from aircraft on the movement area Visible from control tower Free from effects of air disturbances If the aerodrome is intended to be used at night WDI should be illuminated

L ANDING D IRECTION I NDICATOR Landing direction indicator, needs to be visible to those using it or ORANGE If aerodrome operations at night Landing indicator needs to be illuminated

S IGNALLING L AMP Shall be provided at a controlled aerodrome and will be located in the Control Tower RED, GREEN and

S IGNS M OVEMENT A REA Mandatory Signs Information Signs Signs shall be illuminated in accordance with the provisions of Appendix 4 when intended for use: a) in runway visual range conditions less than a value of 800 m; or b) at night in association with instrument runways; or c) at night in association with non-instrument runways where the code number is 3 or 4.

M ANDATORY S IGNS

G UIDANCE S IGNS

S IGNS - L OCATION

M ARKINGS R UNWAYS RUNWAY MARKINGS SHALL BE

M ARKINGS T AXIWAYS TAXIWAY MARKINGS SHALL BE

T HRESHOLD M ARKINGS

D ISPLACED T HRESHOLD

R UNWAY S IDE S TRIP Runway side stripe White line with the outer edge on the approximate edge of the runway width 0.45m on runways up to 30m wide width 0.9m on runways 30m or more Runway greater than 60m wide Line located 30m from runway centreline

R UNWAY H OLDING P OSITION 0.9m 1.05 m 0.9m 0.15 m PATTERN A 4 Lines and 3 spaces at 0.15m each

R UNWAY H OLDING P OSITIONS

R UNWAY E DGE L IGHTING Required for: Runway night Precision Approach day or Night Recommended for Take-off RVR below 800m Location On Edge (or not more 3m outside edge) equidistant centreline Uniformly spaced not more tan 60m for instrument runway and 100m non instrument Characteristic White unless displaced threshold or optional yellow last third or 600m Variable intensity

R UNWAY C ENTRELINE L IGHTS Required for: Precision Category 2 & 3 Take-off RVR 400 or less Location Centreline 60cm offset if required 15m spacing Characteristics White to 900m RWY End Variable White Red 900m – 300m Red last 300m

R UNWAY T HRESHOLD / E ND L IGHTS

T AXIWAY L IGHTING Edge – Blue Centreline – Green Spacing – dependent on RVR requirements

T AXIWAY E DGE L IGHTING Omni-directional BLUE Located as close to outside edge, or not more than 3m outside edge Visible up 30° from horizontal, elevated but frangible Shielded at intersections, exits or curves to minimize confusion Spaced uniformly not more than 30m On curve at radius divided by 4

T AXIWAY C ENTRELINE Uni-/Bi-/Omni-directional GREEN Show green and yellow from centreline to perimeter of ILS critical area Visible to aircraft only in the vicinity of taxiway Along centreline markings or offset max. 300mm Spaced at max 30m along straight sections – except precision CAT III max 15m Spaced on taxiway curve not to exceed 7.5m

S IMPLE A PPROACH L IGHTING S YSTEM Where practicable installed for non- instrument and instrument non- precision runways used for night operations. Location/Configuration Extends out to 420m from threshold. Centreline lights spaced every 60m (30m optional) Single crossbar at 300m Lighting either single source or barrette

P RECISION A PPROACH C AT 1 ALS Extends out to 900m from threshold. High intensity uni-directional white Lighting single source or barrette Centreline spacing 30m Crossbars spacing 150m

P RECISION A PPROACH C AT 2,3 ALS Configuration as for CAT 1 ALS with the addition of side row barrettes from 300m to threshold spaced at 30m in line with centreline lights

VASIS Visual Approach Slope Indicator System T-VASIS dual sides runway AT-VASIS single side of runway PAPI Dual or single side of runway APAPI Red/White VASIS – no longer Annex 14 system

T-VASIS On path centre – wing-bar shows white Slightly high - fly down units progressively show white Grossly high - all fly down show white Slightly low – fly up units progressively show whit Grossly low – wing-bar and all fly up show red

PAPI – P RECISION A PPROACH P ATH I NDICATOR

PAPI

PAPI - MEHT Minimum Eye Height over Threshold on slope (MEHT) Annex 14 – 2.12 AIP to contain nominal approach angle and MEHT Annex 14 requires PAPI to be set to achieve minimum wheel clearance/ threshold for most demanding aircraft regularly using runway as per table 5-2

PAPI - MEHT

A IRCRAFT MEHT

A PRON L IGHTS Flood lights Edge lights Lead in Guidance Systems

O BSTRUCTION L IGHTS Required for obstructions that penetrate any obstacle limitation surface as defined in Annex 14 Chapter 4 – Appropriate Aeronautical Study first must be undertaken to ensure appropriate level of safety. Also required marking of obstacles.

O BSTRUCTION M ARKING

O BSTRUCTION L IGHTING

Obstacles with height (Y) greater than 45m intermediate lights must be shown Light spacing (x) in accordance with Appendix 6 Number of levels of lights = N = Y (metres) X (metres)

O BSTRUCTION L IGHTS

L IGHTING S ERVICEABILITY A light shall be deemed to be unserviceable when the main beam average intensity is less than 50 per cent of the value specified in the appropriate figure in Appendix 2. For light units where the designed main beam average intensity is above the value shown in Appendix 2, the 50 per cent value shall be related to that design value. Category 1 85% serviceable Category 2 & 3 95% serviceable

A ERODROME E LECTRICAL S YSTEM

S ECONDARY P OWER R EQUIREMENTS