Sleeping Like an Ape Gorillas, chimps, gibbons sleep on their side without a pillow –Keeps joints flexible –Protects private parts –Conserves heat –Maintains alertness –Keeps bugs out of mouth

Natural diffusion of Ca ++ into muscle after death triggers sliding of filaments No ATP present (You’re dead!) so cross bridges cannot detach from actin

Anabolic Steroids Lipids derived from cholesterol (similar to male hormone testosterone)

Is it worth it? Little evidence that strength or endurance improve with moderate doses Negative side effects: liver cancer, kidney damage, increased heart disease, stunted growth, aggressive behavior, mood swings Females: sterility, facial hair, deepening of voice, atrophy of breasts and uterus, menstrual irregularities Males: atrophy of testes, diminished sperm production, baldness

Lacking nerves that carry impulses from brain to face –6 th and 7 th cranial nerve don’t develop –Appears to be genetic Can be corrected somewhat by surgery

Group of common nonarticular rheumatic disorders 15 times more common in women Pain that results from gentle pressure at specific “tender spots” Effects fibrous connective tissue components of muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Caused or aggravated by stress, trauma, exposure to dampness or cold, poor sleep, rheumatic condition Gentle aerobic fitness program beneficial Relieved with heat, massage, and rest Frequent sites: lumbar region (lumbago), neck, chest, thighs (charley-horse)

Weakness of skeletal muscles Abnormal neuromuscular junction- partially blocks contraction Autoimmune- antibodies directed against Ach receptors More common in females Muscles weaken and may eventually cease to function

Inherited muscle- destroying diseases characterized by degeneration of individual muscle fibers (usually voluntary)

Group of motor disorders Result in muscle incoordination and loss of muscle control Caused by damage to motor areas of brain as fetus or child

Slowly lose normal use of feet/legs and hands/arms as nerves to the extremities degenerate Muscles in extremities become weakened because of the loss of stimulation by the affected nerves Genetic- autosomal dominant

Muscles contract but have decreasing power to relax (become weak and waste away)Muscles contract but have decreasing power to relax (become weak and waste away) Can cause mental deficiency, hair loss and cataractsCan cause mental deficiency, hair loss and cataracts Gene on chromosome 19 (protein kinase of skeletal muscle)Gene on chromosome 19 (protein kinase of skeletal muscle) Symptoms more severe with each generationSymptoms more severe with each generation

Spasm- sudden, involuntary contraction of single muscle in large group Cramp- painful spasmodic contraction Tremor- rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless contraction of opposing muscle groups

Fasciculation- brief twitch visible under skin Fibrillation- brief twitch not visible under skin Tic- spasmodic twitching made involuntarily by voluntary muscles

Injection of Clostridium botulinum into facial muscles Prevents release of acetylcholine Paralyzes muscles If ingested causes botulism (fatal if not treated promptly)