1. Muscular system 7.4

2. Muscular System 600+ muscles in the body Muscles are bundles of muscle fibers held together by connective tissue Properties of muscles: ______________________- the ability to respond to a stimulus such as a nerve impulse ______________________- become short and thick which causes movement ______________________- the ability to be stretched ______________________- allows the muscle to return to its original shape after it has contracted or stretched

3. Types of Muscle 3 main kinds of muscle: _______________- forms the walls of the heart and contracts to circulate blood; involuntary ________________________-found in the internal organs of the body and the blood vessels and eyes; involuntary ________________- attached to bones and causes body movement _________________- function without conscious thought or control __________________- have control over its action

4. Functions of Muscle Attach to bones to provide voluntary movement ___________________________________ Help maintain posture by holding the body erect ___________________________________

5. Attachments to Bone _____________- a strong, touch, fibrous connective tissue cord Example: the gastrocnemius muscle on the calf attaches to the heelbone by the Achilles tendon ____________- a tough, sheet like membrane that covers and protects the tissue When a muscle attaches to a bone, the end that does not move is called the ___________ The end that moves when the muscle contracts is called the __________________

6. Actions of Movements of Muscles _________________: moving a body part toward the midline Abduction: moving a body part away from the midline __________________: decreasing the angle between two bones, or bending a body part Extension: increasing the angle between two bones, or straightening a body part __________________: turning a body part around its own axis Example: turning the head from side to side __________________: moving in a circle at a joint or moving one end of a body part in a circle while the other end remains stationary Example: swinging an arm in a circle

8. Muscle Tone Muscles are partially contracted at all times Muscle tone allows for a state of readiness When muscles are not used for a long period they can _______________ (shrink in size and lose strength) Lack of use can also result in a ________________ ( a severe tightening of a flexor muscle resulting in a bending of a joint)

10. __________________ Chronic, widespread pain in specific muscle sites Other symptoms: Muscle stiffness Numbness or tingling in the arms or legs Fatigue Sleep disturbances Headaches Depression Cause is unknown but stress, weather, and poor physical fitness affect the condition Treatment is directed toward ________________________ Physical therapy Massage Exercise Stress reduction Medication

11. _________________________ A group of inherited diseases that lead to a chronic, progressive muscle atrophy Usually appears in early childhood Most types result it total disability and early death Most common type is _________________ muscular dystrophy Caused by a genetic defect At birth the infant is healthy Onset usually occurs between 2 and 5 years of age By 9-12, the child is confined to a wheelchair Eventually, the muscle weakness affects the heart and diaphragm, resulting in respiratory and/or cardiac failure Life expectancy is from late teens to early 20s. PT is used to slow the progress of the disease

12. __________________________ A chronic condition where nerve impulses are not properly transmitted to the _______________ Leads to progressive muscular weakness and paralysis If affects the __________________ muscles, can be fatal Cause is unknown Thought to be an autoimmune disease No cure

13. Muscle Spasms ___________________ Sudden, painful, involuntary muscle contractions Usually occur in ________________________ May result from overexertion, low electrolyte levels, or poor circulation Gentle pressure and stretching is used to relieve

14. _________________ Overstretching of or injury to a muscle and/or tendon Frequent sites: back, arms, and legs Cause is usually prolonged or sudden muscle exertion Symptoms: ______________(muscle pain) Swelling Limited movement Treatment Rest Muscle relaxants or pain meds Elevating the extremity Alternating hot and cold