Dmitri Mendeleev 1834 – 1907 Lothar Meyer

main group elements lanthanides  actinides 

The “Real” Periodic Table

3 kinds of elements on Periodic Table metals – malleable, shiny, conduct heat and electricity well nonmetals – not malleable, not shiny, does not conduct heat and electricity well metalloids – have properties of both metals and nonmetals. B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At

molecule – atoms bound together in a neutral, “discrete unit” chemical formula – an expression which (molecular formula) shows the ratio of atoms in the molecule subscripts – tells the # atoms in a chemical formula coefficients – number that tells how many molecules

diatomic molecules – molecules that contain two atoms O2O2 N2N2 Cl 2 homonuclear diatomic – molecule that contains two identical atoms heteronuclear diatomic – molecule that contains two different atoms COHCl

hydrates – compounds that contain loosely- bound water molecules Na 2 SO 4 ·7H 2 O CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O

structural formula – shows how atoms are joined in molecule

ions – atoms possessing a charge cations – positively charged ions anions – negatively charged ions

ionic compounds – compounds made up of (salts) ions crystal lattice structure – ionic compounds exist in a 3-dimensional extended arrays of repetitive sequences of ions

charge neutrality – combination of cations and anions make an overall neutral species

1a. Simple Binary Ionic Compounds (main group metal cation + anion) a. name the cation first b. name anion second (often gets an –ide ending)

KCl potassium chloride CaCl 2 calcium chloride Na 2 Osodium oxide lithium bromide LiBr magnesium iodide MgI 2 polyatomics – made up of more than one kind of atom

Li 2 CO 3 lithium carbonate NH 4 Cl ammonium chloride sodium sulfideNa 2 S ammonium sulfate (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 sodium phosphateNa 3 PO 4

1b. Simple Transition Metal Ionic Compounds (transition metal cation + anion) The Stock System: Nomenclature for Simple Ionic Compounds containing Transition Metals cations Alfred Stock 1876 – 1946

Apply Stock System to Tin, Sn and Lead, Pb even though they are not transition metals Silver, Ag (always +1); Zinc, Zn (always +2) are transition metals that do NOT require Stock System 1b. Simple Transition Metal Ionic Compounds (transition metal cation + anion) a. name the transition metal cation first, followed by the charge of the metal (as a Roman numeral in parenthesis). There is NO space between the metal and charge in parenthesis b. name the anion second

CuCl copper(I) chloride CuCl 2 copper(II) chloride FeO iron(II) oxide Fe 2 O 3 iron(III) oxide cobalt(II) nitrate Co(NO 3 ) 2 nickel(II) phosphateNi 3 (PO 4 ) 2 BaCl 2 barium chloride

V2S5V2S5 vanadium(V) sulfide PbO 2 lead(IV) oxide ZnOzinc oxide silver sulfateAg 2 SO 4 mercury(II) iodideHgI 2 Sr(OH) 2 strontium hydroxide

molecular compounds – compounds made of neutral molecules molecule – atoms bound together in a neutral, “discrete unit” molecular compounds vs. ionic compounds neutral charged ions discrete 3-d crystal lattice nonmetalsmetal + nonmetals

CF 4 molecular GeO 2 ionic SiO 2 molecular FeCl 2 ionic K2OK2O NCl 3 molecular

organic cmpds – contains C, H and maybe O, N hydrocarbons – cmpds contain only C & H methaneCH 4 ethaneC 2 H 6 propaneC 3 H 8 butaneC 4 H 10

alcohol – contains an “–OH” group CH 4 CH 3 OH ethane, C 2 H 6 C 2 H 5 OH CH 3 CH 2 OH

2. Simple Binary Molecular Compounds a. name the element furthest to the left on P.T. first or if both elements in the same group, name the lower one first (oxygen & fluorine are named last regardless) b. specify the number of each element with correct prefix (omit mono- on first element)

2. Simple Binary Molecular Compounds a. name the element furthest to the left on P.T. first or if both elements in the same group, name the lower one first (oxygen & fluorine are named last regardless) b. specify the number of each element with correct prefix (omit mono- on first element) c. name the second element (often gets an –ide ending) * when an element begins w/vowel & prefix of # ends in “a” or “o”, drop the “a” or “o” for pronunciation

CF 4 carbon tetrafluoride CO carbon monoxide N2O4N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide Na 2 Osodium oxide SO 2 sulfur dioxide Cl 2 O 7 dichlorine heptoxide

Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O CaBr 2 ·2H 2 O 3. Hydrates a. name the ionic portion by the appropriate rules b. followed by “hydrate” (for water) with the correct prefix specifying the number of waters FeCl 3 ·9H 2 O magnesium nitrate hexahydrate calcium bromide dihydrate iron(III) chloride nonahydrate