Classification

Biological Species Concept Species: populations of organisms having common characteristics and successfully breed with each other Species: populations of organisms having common characteristics and successfully breed with each other

3 Domains from common ancestry Domain Bacteria (Kingdom Monera- Prokaryotes) Domain Bacteria (Kingdom Monera- Prokaryotes) Domain Archaea (Kingdom Monera- Prokaryotes) Domain Archaea (Kingdom Monera- Prokaryotes) Domain Eukarya (4 other kingdoms- Eukaryotes) Domain Eukarya (4 other kingdoms- Eukaryotes)

5 Kingdoms (6 ?) Monera ? Monera ? Protista Protista Fungi Fungi Plantae Plantae Animalia Animalia

Six Kingdoms Six Kingdoms Recently, biologists recognized that Monera were composed of two distinct groups: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Recently, biologists recognized that Monera were composed of two distinct groups: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.

The Tree of Life Evolves Changing Number of Kingdoms Introduced Names of Kingdoms 1700’s Late 1800’s 1950’s 1990’s Plantae Animalia Protista Plantae MoneraProtista Fungi Plantae Eubacteria Archae- bacteria Animalia ProtistaFungiPlantae

Taxonomy of the Gray Wolf

MARINE BIOLOGY Microbial World

Primary Producers How does energy flow through an ecosystem? How does energy flow through an ecosystem? Starts with the producers (autotrophs) organisms that convert energy from the sun or chemicals to produce food and other organic molecules organisms that convert energy from the sun or chemicals to produce food and other organic molecules 2 methods 2 methods Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Chemosynthesis

Prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera) Smallest and structurally simplest organisms. Smallest and structurally simplest organisms. Contain cell wall and cell membrane Contain cell wall and cell membrane No nucleus or most organelles No nucleus or most organelles Two domains: Bacteria and Archaea Two domains: Bacteria and Archaea

BACTERIA I.D. by shapes- spheres, spirals and rods I.D. by shapes- spheres, spirals and rods Many are helpful in breaking down waste Many are helpful in breaking down waste Detritus-dead organic matter Detritus-dead organic matter Decay Bacteria break down waste products (detritus) and release nutrients into environment Decay Bacteria break down waste products (detritus) and release nutrients into environment

Cyanobacteria Photosynthetic Photosynthetic Once known as blue- green algae Once known as blue- green algae Also cause red tide Also cause red tide

Archaea Archaebacteria- Primitive form of life Archaebacteria- Primitive form of life Live in extreme environments Live in extreme environments Examples : Sulfur springs, Hydrothermal vents Examples : Sulfur springs, Hydrothermal vents

Chemosynthesis Chemosynthesis Bacteria use inorganic compounds from within the Earth to produce carbohydrates Bacteria use inorganic compounds from within the Earth to produce carbohydrates Locations: thermal vents and hot springs Locations: thermal vents and hot springs Possible beginning of life Possible beginning of life

Metabolism Autotrophs- make own organic compounds Autotrophs- make own organic compounds Heterotrophs- obtain energy from organic matter through respiration (decomposers)- aerobic and anaerobic Heterotrophs- obtain energy from organic matter through respiration (decomposers)- aerobic and anaerobic Nitrogen Fixation- converting Nitrogen gas to ammonium, which is transformed into nitrate (used by primary producers) Nitrogen Fixation- converting Nitrogen gas to ammonium, which is transformed into nitrate (used by primary producers)

Protist (Kingdom Protista) A protist is any organism that is not a plant, an animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote. A protist is any organism that is not a plant, an animal, a fungus, or a prokaryote. Appeared on earth 1.5 billion years ago. Appeared on earth 1.5 billion years ago. Classified by how they obtain nutrition. Classified by how they obtain nutrition. Animallike Animallike Plantlike Plantlike Funguslike Funguslike

Plantlike Protist Unicellular algae Unicellular algae photosynthetic pigments photosynthetic pigments Classify by the type of pigments they contain (green, brown, or red-chloroplasts) Classify by the type of pigments they contain (green, brown, or red-chloroplasts) Diatoms, Dinoflagellates (Pfiesteria and Zooxanthellae), Euglenophytes, Chrysophytes Diatoms, Dinoflagellates (Pfiesteria and Zooxanthellae), Euglenophytes, Chrysophytes Red, Green, Brown Algae (but these are multicellular!) Red, Green, Brown Algae (but these are multicellular!)

Diatoms #1 unicellular unicellular frustule – glassy shell frustule – glassy shell The frustules contain silica which cannot decompose The frustules contain silica which cannot decompose Yellow/brown- carotenoid pigments Yellow/brown- carotenoid pigments Cold water primary producers Cold water primary producers

Diatoms Cell wall forms “box like” structure. Cell wall forms “box like” structure. Many have spines or ribs Many have spines or ribs

Reproduction

Dinoflagellates #2 Unicellular w/ 2 flagella Unicellular w/ 2 flagella 50% photosynthetic 50% photosynthetic 50% heterotrophs 50% heterotrophs Cell wall protected by plates made of cellulose Cell wall protected by plates made of cellulose Many are bioluminescent Many are bioluminescent

Bioluminescence Flashlight fish Flashlight fish

Dinoflagellates Photosynthetic, But many can also ingest food particles. Photosynthetic, But many can also ingest food particles. Reproduce by cell division Reproduce by cell division Can cause Algae Blooms-Red Tide Can cause Algae Blooms-Red Tide

Red Tide During a “bloom” of organisms the numbers are so great that it turns the water red. During a “bloom” of organisms the numbers are so great that it turns the water red. Some species will release a toxin that effects the nervous systems of fish  Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) Some species will release a toxin that effects the nervous systems of fish  Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)

Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning PSP is caused by a dino species that produces a toxin that is taken up by mollusks. PSP is caused by a dino species that produces a toxin that is taken up by mollusks. If eaten can cause paralysis or death If eaten can cause paralysis or death

Fish kills saxitoxins (neurotoxins from dino’s causing paralysis) saxitoxins (neurotoxins from dino’s causing paralysis) As bacteria decompose the dead fish, more oxygen is used up causing more fish to die. As bacteria decompose the dead fish, more oxygen is used up causing more fish to die.

Pfiesteria -dinoflagellates (blooms triggered by pollution)-parasites  lesions

Zooxanthellae Photosynthetic brown dinoflagellates that provide food for their host organism (symbiotic with reef corals) Photosynthetic brown dinoflagellates that provide food for their host organism (symbiotic with reef corals) The host provides carbon dioxide and shelter. The host provides carbon dioxide and shelter. What type of relationship is this ? What type of relationship is this ? Examples of host organisms: jellyfish, coral, and mollusks. Examples of host organisms: jellyfish, coral, and mollusks.

Euglenophytes #3 Plant-like protists Plant-like protists They use two flagella for movement They use two flagella for movement Does not have a cell wall Does not have a cell wall Do have a cell membrane called a pellicle Do have a cell membrane called a pellicle Finds sunlight by the use of a cluster of pigment known as the eyespot Finds sunlight by the use of a cluster of pigment known as the eyespot

Chrysophytes #4 Plantlike protists that contain gold colored chloroplasts. Plantlike protists that contain gold colored chloroplasts. Reproduce asexually and sexually Reproduce asexually and sexually Example: Yellow green algae Example: Yellow green algae Star-shaped internal silica skeleton Star-shaped internal silica skeleton

Animal-like Protists Protozoa- “First animals” (protozoans) Protozoa- “First animals” (protozoans) Heterotrophic and ingest food like animals Heterotrophic and ingest food like animals Unicellular Unicellular Phyla based on how they move Phyla based on how they move Zooflagellates, Forams, Radiolarians, Ciliates, Sarcondina Zooflagellates, Forams, Radiolarians, Ciliates, Sarcondina

Zooflagellates #1 Swim using flagella Swim using flagella Absorb food through their cell membranes Absorb food through their cell membranes Most reproduce asexually- binary fission Most reproduce asexually- binary fission Some sexually - meiosis Some sexually - meiosis

Foraminiferans #2 Called forams Called forams Shell called test Shell called test Chambers in the shell which get larger as it grows Chambers in the shell which get larger as it grows TEST is made of calcium carbonate TEST is made of calcium carbonate Contain pseudopodia-extensions of cytoplasm used to trap diatoms for food Contain pseudopodia-extensions of cytoplasm used to trap diatoms for food

Foraminiferans

Radiolarians #3 Shells are made of silica and form sediments (ooze) covering ocean floor after settling Shells are made of silica and form sediments (ooze) covering ocean floor after settling Most are microscopic but can form colonies up to 10 feet in length! Most are microscopic but can form colonies up to 10 feet in length!

Ciliophora #4 Ciliates Ciliates Named for cilia, hairlike projections used for movement. Named for cilia, hairlike projections used for movement. Found in freshwater and saltwater Found in freshwater and saltwater Posses a thick outer membrane, the pellicle, that surrounds the cell membrane that gives the Paramecium its shape. Posses a thick outer membrane, the pellicle, that surrounds the cell membrane that gives the Paramecium its shape.

Nutrition of Paramecium The cilia move food into the oral groove which leads to the gullet. The cilia move food into the oral groove which leads to the gullet. The food is forced into food vacuoles The food is forced into food vacuoles Digestive enzymes break down the food Digestive enzymes break down the food Undigested food is removed through the anus Undigested food is removed through the anus

Internal Anatomy of Paramecium Contain two nuclei Contain two nuclei A large macronucleus that controls respiration, protein synthesis, and digestion. A large macronucleus that controls respiration, protein synthesis, and digestion. A small micronucleus that controls reproduction and contains a reserve copy of genes. A small micronucleus that controls reproduction and contains a reserve copy of genes.

Sarcondina #5 Amoeba Amoeba Shape is constantly changing due to flowing cytoplasm Shape is constantly changing due to flowing cytoplasm By pushing the plasma membrane it is able to form feetlike projections to help it move- pseudopodia By pushing the plasma membrane it is able to form feetlike projections to help it move- pseudopodia

Nutrition of Amoeba Amoebas use part of the cell membrane called phagocytosis to surround its food to form a food vacuole. Amoebas use part of the cell membrane called phagocytosis to surround its food to form a food vacuole. The amoeba lives in fresh water ponds and eats algae and other protozoans. The amoeba lives in fresh water ponds and eats algae and other protozoans.

Fungus-like Protists Multicellular (some unicellular) Multicellular (some unicellular) Heterotrophs Heterotrophs Decompose detritus Decompose detritus Lichens- symbiotic w/ algae Lichens- symbiotic w/ algae Slime Molds Slime Molds

Slime Molds Recycle organic material Recycle organic material

Cellular Slime Molds Live as free living cells Live as free living cells Form a slug-like colony that functions as one organism. Form a slug-like colony that functions as one organism. Releases spores for reproduction Releases spores for reproduction

Acellular Slime Molds Begin as amoeba-like cells Begin as amoeba-like cells Eventually fuse together to form plasmodia Eventually fuse together to form plasmodia These structures can grow to 10 feet in diameter These structures can grow to 10 feet in diameter

Plasmodium

Sporozoans Parasitic protists Parasitic protists Reproduce using sporozoites Reproduce using sporozoites A sporozoite can attach itself to a host and lives as a parasite. A sporozoite can attach itself to a host and lives as a parasite.

Diseases Malaria: Caused by a sporozoan Plasmodium Malaria: Caused by a sporozoan Plasmodium The sporozoan is carried in the saliva of the female mosquito The sporozoan is carried in the saliva of the female mosquito The sporozoites enter the bloodstream and the plasmodium infects the liver cells and red blood cells. The sporozoites enter the bloodstream and the plasmodium infects the liver cells and red blood cells. The red cells burst and release toxins into the bloodstream The red cells burst and release toxins into the bloodstream 2 million people die each year from malaria. 2 million people die each year from malaria.

More Diseases African sleeping sickness African sleeping sickness Amebic dysentery Amebic dysentery Giardia Giardia

Multicellular Plantlike Protists Red, Brown, and Green Algae

Red Algae Phylum Rhodophyta Phylum Rhodophyta Largest group of seaweeds Largest group of seaweeds Chlorophyll a and Phycobilins- red pigment Chlorophyll a and Phycobilins- red pigment Most multicellular Most multicellular Chondrus crispus- Irish moss Chondrus crispus- Irish moss

Brown Algae Phylum Phaeophyta Phylum Phaeophyta Largest and most complex seaweeds Largest and most complex seaweeds Chlorophyll a and c, Fucoxanthin- yellow/brown pigment Chlorophyll a and c, Fucoxanthin- yellow/brown pigment Multicellular Multicellular Holdfast, Stipe, Blades, Bladders Holdfast, Stipe, Blades, Bladders Fucus- Rockweed Fucus- Rockweed Sargassum Sargassum Kelp Kelp

Giant Kelp

Kelp

Kelp

Rockweed

Rockweed

Holdfast

Competition for space

Green Algae Phylum Chlorophyta Phylum Chlorophyta Cellulose in their cell walls Cellulose in their cell walls Chlorophyll a & b Chlorophyll a & b Stores food as starch Stores food as starch

Unicellular Green Algae Chlamydomonas Chlamydomonas Lives in ponds, wet soil, etc. Lives in ponds, wet soil, etc.

Colonial Green Algae Spirogyra Spirogyra

Sea lettuce- Ulva

Human uses of algae

Seagrasses Horizontal stems called rhizomes Horizontal stems called rhizomes Roots and shoots come from stems Roots and shoots come from stems Pollen carried by water currents instead of insects Pollen carried by water currents instead of insects Halophytes-salt-tolerant (salt marsh) Halophytes-salt-tolerant (salt marsh)

Mangroves Trees and shrubs that live on tropical and subtropical shores Trees and shrubs that live on tropical and subtropical shores Thick leaves to reduce water loss Thick leaves to reduce water loss Seed germinate while still attached to parent tree Seed germinate while still attached to parent tree Pencil shaped seedlings that drop off Pencil shaped seedlings that drop off

EXAM SLIDES

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