An Age of Limits President Nixon reaches out to Communist nations, but leaves office disgraced by the Watergate scandal. His successors face a sluggish economy, environmental concerns, and a revolution in Iran. NEXT

Watergate: Nixon's Downfall Section 2 Watergate: Nixon's Downfall President Richard Nixon’s involvement in the Watergate scandal forces him to resign from office. NEXT

Learning Objectives: Section 2 Watergate: Nixon's Downfall 1. Analyze how Nixon and his advisors sought to increase the power of the presidency. 2. Summarize the details of the Watergate burglary. 3. Describe how the Watergate scandal was uncovered. 4. Explain why the House Judiciary Committee voted to impeach Nixon and analyze the impact of Watergate on American politics.

Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall 2 SECTION Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall President Nixon and His White House An Imperial Presidency Depression, WW II, Cold War make executive most powerful branch Nixon expands presidential powers, ignores Congress The President’s Men Nixon has small, loyal group of advisers; like him, desire secrecy - H. R. Haldeman, White House chief of staff - John Ehrlichman, chief domestic adviser - John Mitchell, Nixon’s former attorney general - John Dean, White House counsel NEXT

By the time Nixon became president, the executive branch had become powerful. He confided in a small group of very loyal advisers. H.R. Haldeman John Ehrlichman These advisers included H.R. Haldeman, chief of staff; John Ehrlichman, chief domestic adviser; & John Mitchell, the attorney general. John Mitchell

The Drive Toward Reelection 2 SECTION The Drive Toward Reelection A Bungled Burglary • Committee to Reelect the President break into Democratic headquarters • Watergate scandal is administration’s attempt to cover up break-in - destroy documents, try to stop investigation, buy burglars’ silence Washington Post reporters link administration to break-in White House denies allegations; little public interest in charges Nixon reelected by landslide over liberal Democrat George McGovern NEXT

GUIDED READING How were the “plumbers” connected to President Nixon? The plumbers’ leader was an official of the Committee to Reelect the President; John Mitchell, CRP's director, had resigned as attorney general to run Nixon's campaign.

The men were caught photographing files & placing wiretaps on phones. The press soon discovered that the group’s leader, James McCord, was a former CIA agent.

Chap Stick microphones used by E. Howard Hunt and G Chap Stick microphones used by E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy during the burglary.

After Nixon’s reelection, the cover-up began to unravel. In Jan After Nixon’s reelection, the cover-up began to unravel. In Jan. ’73, the Watergate burglars, except McCord, changed their pleas from innocent to guilty. (He was found guilty by a jury) The trial’s presiding judge, Judge John Sirica, believed that the burglars did not act alone.

The Cover-Up Unravels The Senate Investigates Watergate 2 SECTION The Cover-Up Unravels The Senate Investigates Watergate Judge John Sirica presides burglars’ trial, thinks did not act alone Burglar leader James McCord says lied under oath, advisers involved Nixon dismisses White House counsel John Dean; others resign Senator Samuel J. Ervin heads investigative committee Continued . . . NEXT

GUIDED READING 2. Who was the judge? Why did he hand out maximum sentences? Judge John Sirica; to encourage the defendants who received sentences to identify others who were also involved

John Mitchell, who had been attorney general, was the CRP’s director. McCord was also an official of a group known as the Committee to Reelect the President (CRP). John Mitchell, who had been attorney general, was the CRP’s director.

Nixon & his staff tried to hide the link to the White House. Workers shredded evidence. Nixon & his staff asked the CIA to urge the FBI to stop its investigations into the burglary.

Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall 2 SECTION Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall President Nixon and His White House The President’s Men Nixon has small, loyal group of advisers; like him, desire secrecy - John Mitchell, Nixon’s former attorney general - John Dean, White House counsel NEXT

GUIDED READING 3. How were Mitchell and Dean connected to Nixon? Mitchell had been Nixon's attorney general; Dean had been White House counsel.

The President then went on television & denied any cover-up. Soon the public interest in the Watergate burglary increased. In April ’73, Three top Nixon aides resigned. The President then went on television & denied any cover-up.

Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall 2 SECTION Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall President Nixon and His White House The President’s Men Nixon has small, loyal group of advisers; like him, desire secrecy - H. R. Haldeman, White House chief of staff - John Ehrlichman, chief domestic adviser NEXT

GUIDED READING 4. How were Haldeman and Erlichman connected to Nixon? Haldeman was Nixon's chief of staff; Erlichman was Nixon's chief domestic adviser.

In May 1973, the Senate began its own investigation of Watergate In May 1973, the Senate began its own investigation of Watergate. The Senate hearings were televised live. In the hearings, one of Nixon’s aides said that Nixon knew about the cover-up.

The Cover-Up Unravels Startling Testimony 2 SECTION The Cover-Up Unravels Startling Testimony Dean declares Nixon involved in cover-up Alexander Butterfield says Nixon tapes presidential conversations Continued . . . NEXT

Then it was reveled that White House meetings had been tape-recorded. A Uher 5000, similar to the one used by Nixon's secretary to erase part of one of the tapes. An example of a Sony 800B recorder, as used in Nixon's office The Senate committee demanded the tapes. Nixon refused to release them.

GUIDED READING 5. What did the following men tell the Senate about Nixon? a. Dean - Nixon was deeply involved in the Cover-up. b. Butterfield - Nixon had taped nearly all of his presidential conversations.

Nixon announced that he was appointing Elliot Richardson as the new attorney general. He authorized Richardson to appoint a special prosecutor to investigate Watergate.

Court battles over the tapes lasted a year. Archibald Cox, the special prosecutor, took the president to court in Oct. 1973 to get the tapes. Nixon refused & ordered Richardson to fire Cox.

In what became known as the Saturday Night Massacre, Richardson refused the order & resigned. Robert Bork The deputy attorney general also refused & resigned. Solicitor General Robert Bork finally fired Cox. But his replacement, Leon Jaworski was determined to get the tapes.

The Saturday Night Massacre 2 SECTION continued The Cover-Up Unravels The Saturday Night Massacre Special prosecutor Archibald Cox subpoenas tapes; Nixon refuses Nixon orders Cox fired, attorney general Elliot Richardson refuses • Saturday Night Massacre: Richardson resigns; deputy refuses, fired Cox’s replacement, Leon Jaworski, also calls for tapes Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns, revealed he accepted bribes Nixon nominates, Congress confirms Gerald R. Ford as vice-president NEXT

GUIDED READING 6. Who was fired or forced to resign in the “massacre”? Attorney General Richardson resigned; the deputy attorney general was fired; special prosecutor Cox was fired.

Nixon released more than 1,250 pages of taped conversations. In March 1974, a grand jury charged 7 Nixon aides with obstruction of justice & perjury. Nixon released more than 1,250 pages of taped conversations. But he didn’t release the conversations on some key dates. In July ’74, the Supreme Court ordered the White House to release the tapes. President Nixon giving a televised address explaining release of edited transcripts of the tapes on April 29, 1974

The Fall of a President Nixon Releases the Tapes 2 SECTION The Fall of a President Nixon Releases the Tapes March 1974, grand jury indicts 7 presidential aides - charges: conspiracy, obstruction of justice, perjury Nixon tells TV audience he is releasing edited transcripts July, Supreme Court rules unanimously Nixon must surrender tapes Continued . . . NEXT

GUIDED READING 7. Why weren’t investigators satisfied with the transcripts? because only unedited tapes could provide evidence involving possible criminal activity

Three days later, a House committee voted to impeach President Nixon. If the full House of Representatives approved, Nixon would go to trial in the Senate. If found guilty there, he would be removed from office.

When the tapes were finally released, they proved that Nixon had known of the cover-up. On August 8, 1974, before the impeachment could happen, Nixon resigned.

2 SECTION continued The Fall of a President The President Resigns House Judiciary Committee approves 3 articles of impeachment - formal accusation of wrongdoing while in office - charges: obstruction of justice, abuse of power, contempt of Congress Nixon releases tapes; show he knew of administration role, cover up Before full House votes on impeachment, Nixon resigns NEXT

GUIDED READING 8. What did the tapes reveal? that within a week, Nixon had known of his administration's role in the burglary and had participated in the cover-up

Watergate produced distrust about the presidency. A poll taken in 1974 showed that 43% of Americans had lost faith in the presidency. In the years after Vietnam & Watergate, Americans developed a deep distrust of government.

The Effects of Watergate 2 SECTION continued The Fall of a President The Effects of Watergate 25 members of administration convicted, serve prison terms NEXT