Need Figure 1: This pie chart shows the percentage of deaths related from bacterial infection present in major countries in January The U.S has the greatest percentage of 44.6% mortality-bacterial-infection-unspecified-site

Knowledge Base Figure 2: the physiology of a mollusk and the main parts the of organism

Knowledge Base Figure 3: Antioxidant replacing free radicals

Knowledge Base Figure 4: Nutrition facts of Spirulina nutrition_tech_info.html

Knowledge Base Figure 5: Nutrition facts of Spirulina nutrition_tech_info.html

Literature Review (Ottaviani, 2004) Figure 6: the evolutionary path of immune- neuroendocrine response between mammals and invertebrates Mollusks are ideal model organisms for immune response due to their similarities in immune and nuroendocrine systems

Literature Review Figure 7: schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata that was exposed to one group of the pond snails When the snails that were exposed and unexposed to Trichobilharzia ocellata were compared their immune responses to an infection of Staphylococcus saprophyticus bacteria differed. (Van der Knaap, et al, 1986)

Literature Review (Van der Knaap, et al, 2004) the humoral defense activities of a Lymnaea stagnalis agglutination, oposonisation, and inhibition of bacterial growth.

Literature Review (Brambilla, et al, 2008) Antioxidants are used on a large scale to try to maintain health Antioxidants may be used to prevent free radical related health disorders

Purpose/Hypothesis Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to show the effect that antioxidants have on immune responses to bacterial infections Null Hypothesis: There will be no significant difference between the immune response to the e.coli when the pond snail is either exposed or not exposed to antioxidants Alternate Hypothesis: There will be a significant difference between the immune response to the e.coli when the pond snail is exposed to the antioxidant and when it is not exposed.

Methodology Pond Snails (24) Control- infected with e.coli fed with chorella (no antioxidants) Sample Size: 12 Variable – infected with e.coli fed with Spirulina (antioxidants) Sample Size: 12 Measurement Immune response compared to variable and length of infection in pond snails Statistical Analysis Measurement Immune response compared to variable and length of infection in pond snails

Protocols for Measurement Differences in the reaction to the e.coli between the snails exposed to antioxidants and the unexposed snails Survival Rate of Snails

Do-Ability Freshwater pond snails: easy to keep alive and maintain No expensive equipment needed Some equipment needed is available in the lab Qualitive data is obtained by observation of the pond snails immune response to the bacterial infection

Budget vendorcatolog #pagedescriptionquantityunit pricetotal price carolina pond snails1$17.95 wards85 V 1860 Escherichia coli1$15.50 wards86 V 0700 Spirulina1$6.75 carolina Elodea1$7.25 carolina Aquarium Tank, Glass, 2 1/2 gal2$17.16$34.32 carolina Tank Cover, Glass, for 2 1/2 gal2$8.27$16.54 total$97.81

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