Elicited behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization

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Presentation transcript:

Elicited behavior, Habituation, and Sensitization

Non-Associative Learning/Behavior Elicited behavior - reflex, modal action pattern. Repeated stimulation - habituation, sensitization. Emotional behavior - pattern of affective dynamics.

Elicited Behavior Reflex - Response elicited by a specific stimulus. Salivation, knee jerk, etc.

Elicited Behavior Modal Action Pattern (MAP) – Orderly sequence of reflexive behaviors. Concept put forth by ethologists Tinbergen and Lorenz. Species typical behavior, e.g., feeding, mating, social behaviors, etc. Evolutionarily important behaviors, “instinctive” Elicited by complex array or sequence of stimuli. Elicitation can depend on motivation (“action-specific energy”)

Modal Action Pattern Video of egg retrieval in goose What is the sign stimulus?

MAPs in Humans? Lorenz claimed that caring for young (and the associated affective responses) are MAPs. The sign stimuli are: Head large in proportion to the body Protruding forehead large in proportion to the size of the rest of the face Large ears and eyes below the midline of the head Small nose Short thick extremities Rounded body shape Soft elastic body surfaces Round protruding cheeks

Stephen Jay Gould on the evolution of Mickey Mouse

Supernormal stimulus An accurate 3-dimensional model of a herring gull's head (a), and a 'supernormal' bill (b).

Supernormal stimulus

Supernormal stimuli? v.

Repeated stimulation

Repeated stimulation Elicited behavior is not plastic, but can change with repeated stimulation. Habituation effect Decreased response with repeated stimulation. Sensitization effect Increased response with repeated stimulation.

Habituation effect Response Trials

Habituation movie Rat hears a series of loud bursts of noise

Dishabituation

Dishabituation effect Response Trials

Dishabituation movie Rat hears a series of loud high-pitched noises, Followed by a loud lower-pitched noise, Followed by another series of loud high-pitched noises

Spontaneous recovery Retention Interval Response Trials

Location of habituation processes Sensory adaptation Habituation Fatigue

How is habituation different from sensory adaptation and fatigue? Sometimes the habituated response will not recover after for a long time. (Long Term Habituation)

Habituation will be slower for stimuli which have a higher salience (i Habituation will be slower for stimuli which have a higher salience (i.e., intensity)

Dishabituation following the presentation of a novel stimulus.

Generalization gradient of a habituated response.

Short-Term v. Long-Term Habituation Days 1 - 11 Day 12 Day 13 Leaton (1976)

Sensitization effect Response Trials

Sensitization In general Sensitization effects can be influenced by similar parameters as habituation. However, generalization is greater in Sensitization. Following exposure to cutaneous pain, rats’ reactivity to a wide range of auditory stimuli is increased. Sensitization can be thought of as “arousal”.

Sensitization “arousal” effect Sensitization Movie

Habituation and Sensitization in Aplysia

Sensitization Pathway Increased serotonin release

Dual-Process theory of Habituation and Sensitization 2 underlying processes exist 1) A Habituation process 2) A Sensitization process The observable behavior is the sum of these two processes. The habituation effect is observed when the habituation process is greater than the sensitization process.

Dual Process examples Habituation effect Sensitization effect

Groves and Thompson (1970) S-R System: Habituation is thought to occur in the reflex arc. State System: Sensitization is thought to occur in the part of the nervous system that determines general responsiveness.

Infant attention

Looking Time Trials

Emotional responses

Opponent Process Theory of Motivation

Changes in complex emotional responses Explains: Drug addiction – tolerance and withdrawal (?) Marriage – boredom and bereavement