Chapter 12 – Rome in the East The Art of Byzantium © Kevan Nitzberg AP Art History Chapter 12 – Rome in the East The Art of Byzantium © Kevan Nitzberg

Chronology Early Byzantine: 527-725 Justinian – r. 527-565 Nika riots in Constantinople – 532 Belasarius captures Ravenna – 539 Heraclius defeats Persians – 627 Arabs besiege Constantinople – 717-718 Iconoclasm: 726-842 Leo III prohibits image making – 726 Ravenna falls to the Lombards – 751 Middle Byzantine: 843-1203 Restoration of images – 843 Basil I – r. 867-886 (founder of Macedonian Dynasty) Basil II – r. 980-1001(revival of Byzantine power) Schism between Byzantine and Roman churches – 1054 Norman conquest of Sicily – 1060-1092 Seljuk Turks capture Byzantine Asia Minor – 1073 First Crusade – 1095-1099 Fourth Crusade and the Frankish Conquest – 1202-1204 Late Byzantine: 1204-1453 Michael VIII Palaeologus recaptures Constantinople from the Franks – 1261 Ottonian Turks capture Constantinople, end of Byzantine Empire - 1453

Map of Europe and the Byzantine Empire – ca. 1000

Justinian as world conqueror – mid 6th century

Detail of Justinian and beardless Christ

St. Michael the Archangel, right leaf of a diptych – early 6th century

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidsorus of Miletus: Hagia Sophia Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey – 532-537

Alternate view of Hagia Sophia from the south

Interior view of Hagia Sophia

Interior view of Hagia Sophia facing southwest

Longitudinal section and plan of Hagia Sophia

San Vitale Ravenna, Italy – 526-547

Alternate view of San Vitale

Plan of San Vitale

Interior of San Vitale – view from the apse to the choir

Choir and apse of San Vitale with mosaic of Christ between two angels, St. Vitalis and Bishop Ecclesius Ravenna, Italy – 526-547

Justinian, Bishop Maximianus and attendants, mosaic from the north wall of the apse San Vitale Ravenna, Italy – ca. 547

Theodora and attendants, mosaic from the south wall of the apse San Vitale Ravenna, Italy – ca. 547

Saint Apollinaris amid sheep, apse mosaic – Sant’Apollinaris in Classe Ravenna, Italy – ca. 533-549

Alternate view of apse mosaic from Sant’Apollinaris in Classe

Transfiguration of Jesus – apse mosaic Church of the Virgin, monastery of St. Catherine Mount Sinai, Egypt – ca. 548-565

Ascension of Christ, folio 13 verso of the Rabbula Gospels Zagba, Syria - 586

Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George Monastery of St. Catherine – 6th or early 7th century

Virgin (Theotokotos) and Child enthroned – apse mosaic Hagia, Sophia, Constantinople, Turkey Dedicated 867

Monastery churches at Hosios Loukas, Greece Katholikon (left): 1st quarter of the 11th century / Church of the Theotokos 2nd half of the 10th century

Plans of the Church of the Theotokos (top) And Katholikon (bottom)

Interior of Katholikon (view facing east)

Dome mosaic in the Church of the Dormition Christ as Pantokrater Dome mosaic in the Church of the Dormition Daphni, Greece – ca. 1090-1100

Crucifixion mosaic in the Church of the Dormition Daphni, Greece – ca. 1090-1100

Interior of St. Mark’s (view facing east) Venice, Italy – begun 1063

Exterior view of St. Mark’s

Pantokrator, Theotokos and Child, angels and saints apse mosaic in the cathedral at Monreale, Italy – ca. 1180-1190

Empress Irene, detail of the Pula D’Oro, St. Mark’s Venice, Italy – ca. 1105

Christ enthroned with saints (Harbaville Triptych) ca. 950

Lamentation over the Dead Christ wall painting Saint Pantaleimon, Nerezi, Macedonia - 1164

David composing the Psalms, folio of the Paris Psalter ca. 950-970

Virgin (Theotokos), and Child, icon (Vladmir Virgin) late 11th – early 12th century

Church of Saint Catherine Thessaloniki, Greece – ca. 1280

Anastasis, apse fresco in the parekklesion of Christ in Chora Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey – ca. 1310-1320

Christ as Savior of Souls, icon from the church of Saint Clement Ohrid, Macedonia – early 14th century

Annunciation, reverse of two sided icon from church of Saint Clement Ohrid, Macedonia – early 14th century

Andrei Rublyev: Three angels (Old Testament Trinity) ca. 1410

Large sakkos of Photius ca. 1417

Comparison Section

Compare the image of Empress Irene from the Pala d’Oro with the mosaic of Theodora from San Vitale. What charcteristics identify them both as Byzantine? Theodora from San Vitale (Fig. 12-11) Empress Irene (Fig. 12-25)

What stylistic features of the Annunciation from Ohrid, Macedonia link the image to the Byzantine style as seen in the fresco from the chapel of the Church of Christ in Chora in Istanbul (Anastasis)? Anastasis (Fig. 12-31) Annunciation (Fig. 12-33)

Rublyev’s Old Testament Compare the scenes from the Paris Psalter and Rublyev’s Old Testament Trinity with the classical painting from the Ixion Room in Pompeii. What similarities and what differences do you see? Note the way the space is depicted and the way the figures are modeled. What features of the Paris Psalter show the influence of classical painting? Paris Psalter (Fig. 12-28) Rublyev’s Old Testament Trinity (Fig. 12-34) Ixion Room in Pompeii (Fig. 10-21)