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By now the violence of the iconoclasm was against religion and politics. Margaret panicked and told Philip that there was a revolt. Nobles tried to calm things down. The revolt was coming, but their army wasn’t big enough yet. Philip was sending troops to the Low Countries. William of Orange and other nobles left for Germany.

He was sent with a large army to stop the revolt. He became military commander of the Netherlands. He formed a new army in the Netherlands. His troops garrisoned in towns to keep the peace. He set up Councils of Troubles in towns. They could arrest, torture and punish people without trial. Many towns were angry because of this.

(= Raad van beroerten) 2 aims: Make people become Catholic Make people listen to Spanish government. Soon called: Councils of Blood people were arrested, 1000 killed. The nobles that escaped were sentenced to death.

Egmont and Hoorne were executed. They were 2 of the nobles that had warned Philip earlier.

Because of these executions, Margaret left as a regent. Alva ignored her anyway. He now had all power!

Alva wanted more centralisation. The Low Counties became a Spanish colony. He wanted one tax system: Property tax: 1 % (100 th Penny tax) Sale of property: 5% (20 th Penny tax) Sale of all goods: 10% (10 th Penny tax)

People had to pay more taxes They were already poor! inflation: prices are too high Food and fuel shortages. Iconoclasm. Spanish soldiers were behaving badly. Alva took all the land of the guilty ones from the Councils of Troubles.

People are angry, and want changes: Dutch Revolt.

Military commander: leader of the army. Garrisoned : soldiers living in a town to guard it.