Arousal, Stress, and Anxiety Arousal, Stress, and Anxiety

Is Arousal the Same as Anxiety?

Defining Arousal, Stress, and Anxiety States Trait

Measuring Arousal and Anxiety Physiological signs (heart rate, respiration, skin conductance, biochemistry) Global and multidimensional self-report surveys e.g. Sport Anxiety Scale (trait anxiety) e.g. Sport Competition Anxiety Test (trait) e.g. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2

Trait and State Anxiety Relationship High versus low trait anxious people usually have more state anxiety in highly evaluative situations.

Stress and the Stress Process Define Stress: (continued)

Stage 1 The Stress Process Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

Stress and Stress Process Implications In what stages of the stress process can we intervene? How is stress best viewed?

Sources of Stress and Anxiety Situational sources ____________ ____________ Other?_____________ ____________ Personal sources ____________ ____________ Other? _____________

How Arousal and Anxiety Affect Performance Drive theory Inverted–U hypothesis Individualized zones of optimal functioning Multidimensional anxiety theory

Anxiety direction and intensity Significance of all these views How Arousal and Anxiety Affect Performance Catastrophe model Reversal theory Anxiety direction and intensity Significance of all these views

Drive Theory

Inverted–U Hypothesis

Individualized Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) Hypothesis

Catastrophe Model

Catastrophe Model

Reversal Theory How arousal affects performance depends on an individual’s interpretation of his or her arousal level; assumption =performers can flip quickly Arousal can be interpreted as pleasant/excitement or as unpleasant/anxiety. Arousal interpreted as pleasant facilitates performance, and arousal interpreted as unpleasant hurts performance.

Anxiety Direction and Intensity An individual’s _____________of anxiety symptoms is important for understanding the anxiety-performance relationship. Both the ______________________ (how much anxiety one feels) and __________________________ (one’s interpretation of anxiety as being facilitating or debilitating to performance) must be considered. (continued)

Anxiety Direction and Intensity Viewing anxiety as facilitative leads to superior performance. Some support has been found for this view.

Significance of All the Arousal–Performance Views Significance of All the Arousal–Performance Views **Arousal is multifaceted** ___________________________________ ____________________________________

Significance of All the Arousal–Performance Views _____________________________________ _____________________________________

Why Arousal and Anxiety Influence Performance Increased muscle tension and coordination difficulties Attention and concentration changes: - -

Why Arousal Influences Performance Attentional narrowing

Implications for Practice Interactional Model of Anxiety

Implications for Practice Recognize arousal and state anxiety signs (feeling ill, dazed,muscle tension etc.) Tailor coaching strategies to individuals: Different strokes for different folks. Sometimes arousal and state anxiety must be reduced, other times maintained, and other times facilitated. Develop performers’ confidence.

Recognize Symptoms of Arousal and State Anxiety Cold, clammy hands Constant need to urinate Profuse sweating Negative self-talk Dazed look in eyes (continued)

Recognize Symptoms of Arousal and State Anxiety Feel ill Headache Cotton (dry) mouth Constantly sick Difficulties sleeping (continued)

Recognize Symptoms of Arousal and State Anxiety Increased muscle tension Butterflies in stomach Inability to concentrate Consistently perform better in non-evaluative situations Others? _______________________