HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 1 Chapter 10 Question: What are the major theories of development? MAJOR THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT Some psychologists believe that biological factors play a greater role in development, while others contend that environmental factors are most important Some psychologists also assert that development occurs in stages, while others believe that development occurs continuously Section 1: The Study of Development

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 2 Chapter 10 Question: How do infants develop physically? PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF INFANTS Height and weight increase rapidly Muscles and nervous systems soon develop allowing them to crawl, walk, and generally act more purposefully Section 2: Physical Development

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 3 Chapter 10 Question: What are some of the ways infants and children develop socially? SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN Attachment Attachment – begins at about the age of 4 months when infants develop specific attachments to their main caregivers Styles of Parenting Styles of Parenting - 2 types Warm or Cold – warm parents show a great deal of affection to their children but cold parents may not be as affectionate toward their children Strict or Permissive – strict parents impose very strict rules whereas permissive parents impose fewer rules Child Care Child Care – has both positive and negative effects on social development Self-Esteem Self-Esteem – value or worth that people attach to themselves Section 3: Social Development

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 4 Chapter 10 Question: What are the stages in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development? PIAGET’S THEORY Four stages of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: 1.Sensorimotor Stage 1.Sensorimotor Stage – learning to coordinate sensation and perception with motor activity 2.Preoperational Stage 2.Preoperational Stage – children begin to use language to represent objects 3.Concrete-Operational Stage 3.Concrete-Operational Stage – begins at about the age of seven when children begin to show signs of adult thinking 4.Formational-Operational Stage 4.Formational-Operational Stage – begins at about puberty and represents cognitive maturity Section 4: Cognitive Development

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 5 Chapter 10 Question: What are the stages in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development? KOHLBERG’S THEORY Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development follows a specific sequence: 1.Preconventional Level 1.Preconventional Level – through the age of nine most children base their judgment on the consequence of behavior 2.Conventional Level 2.Conventional Level – judgments are made in terms of whether an act conforms to conventional standards of right and wrong 3.Postconventional Level 3.Postconventional Level – reasoning based on a person’s own moral standards of goodness Section 4: Cognitive Development