Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700-1755 (Ch. 5 and 6)

As a result of the rapid population growth in colonial America during the eighteenth century a momentous shift occurred in the balance of power between the colonies and the mother country. the British government was pleased that more workers would be available to fill an increasing need for laborers in Britain. the need for slave labor declined. the colonists became more dependent on Britain for the goods that they needed to survive. the British government granted greater autonomy to colonial governments.

As a result of the rapid population growth in colonial America during the eighteenth century a momentous shift occurred in the balance of power between the colonies and the mother country. the British government was pleased that more workers would be available to fill an increasing need for laborers in Britain. the need for slave labor declined. the colonists became more dependent on Britain for the goods that they needed to survive. the British government granted greater autonomy to colonial governments.

KNOW YOUR REGIONS New England (Northern: Mass, RI, Conn., New Ham. Middle: Penn, NY, NJ, Delaware. South: Virginia, Maryland, North Car., South Car., Georgia The Chesapeake (Virginia and Maryland)

Outline of our Discussion (your cues): Chapter 5 (1700-1776) Review: Where did the colonies come from? New Ethnicities Bring New Issues Social Class in the New World The Great Awakening: Religion in the 18th Century Education in the Colonies Culture and Folkways The Press and Politics Chapter 6 France and New France The French and Indian War Uh Oh… Colonials become Restless…like you pesky teenagers

Growth of the colonies to 1776? Growth of America? Jamestown & Plymouth? 1607-1700 Growth of the colonies to 1776?

A Little Review to Help the Brain Remember the Colonies: New England Religious : Intolerant and Puritanical (leading to Congregational) Political: Town Meetings, Majority Rule, Mayflower Compact Economic: Diversification, shipping, lumber, fish, subsistence ag.

The population growth of the American colonies by 1775 is attributed mostly to white immigration from Europe. the natural fertility of Native Americans. the importation of slaves from Africa. the influx of immigrants from Latin America. the natural fertility of all Americans.

The population growth of the American colonies by 1775 is attributed mostly to white immigration from Europe. the natural fertility of Native Americans. the importation of slaves from Africa. the influx of immigrants from Latin America. the natural fertility of all Americans.

A Little Review to Help the Brain Remember the Colonies: Middle Colonies: Religious: Diversity, toleration, Quaker Haven Political: Representative Assemblies Economic: Rich soil produced grain, shipping and commercial centers in the cities

A Little Review to Help the Brain Remember the Colonies: Southern Colonies: Religious: Anglican Church Political: Ruled by Aristocratic Elite (Slavocracy) Economic: Focused on Cash Crops (Tobacco, Rice, Indigo)

Slavery Northern and Middle Colonies: Southern Colonies: Domestic Servants, Urban Slaves Little agricultural slaves Merchants and traders profiting from the slave trade. Southern Colonies: Upper South – Tobacco (poor man’s crop), gang system (Slaves developed more Euro-African American Culture) Lower South – Rice (rich man’s crop), task system (Slaves retained more African Traditions)

Slave Rebellions Resistance: Runaways NYC Slave Revolt 1712 Florida and the cities (why Florida?) NYC Slave Revolt 1712 1st in British North America Stono Rebellion 1739 South Carolina Largest pre-Revolutionary War revolt Put down by white militia

allowed only South Carolina's legislation to stand. When several colonial legislatures attempted to restrict or halt the importation of slaves, British authorities applauded the efforts. vetoed such efforts. allowed only South Carolina's legislation to stand. viewed such colonial actions as morally callous. did nothing.

allowed only South Carolina's legislation to stand. When several colonial legislatures attempted to restrict or halt the importation of slaves, British authorities applauded the efforts. vetoed such efforts. allowed only South Carolina's legislation to stand. viewed such colonial actions as morally callous. did nothing.

The average age of the American colonists in 1775 was 30. 27. 25. 20. 16.

The average age of the American colonists in 1775 was 30. 27. 25. 20. 16.

South Carolina

Immigrants And Ethnicities Changes 1700 to 1763

Immigrants and Ethnicities Talking about VOLUNTARY Immigrants (not involuntary slaves) Reasons for Immigration: Chance to own land (do they?) Greater social mobility (always?) Religious freedom (everywhere?) Lower taxes & Material Goods Better diet (MORE MEAT!)

March of the Paxton Boys. Regulator Movement. Shays' Rebellion. An armed march in Philadelphia in 1764, protesting the Quaker oligarchy's lenient policy toward the Indians was known as Bacon's Rebellion. March of the Paxton Boys. Regulator Movement. Shays' Rebellion. Oligarchy Revolution 

March of the Paxton Boys. Regulator Movement. Shays' Rebellion. An armed march in Philadelphia in 1764, protesting the Quaker oligarchy's lenient policy toward the Indians was known as Bacon's Rebellion. March of the Paxton Boys. Regulator Movement. Shays' Rebellion. Oligarchy Revolution. 

Immigrant Groups Immigration also contributed to population growth in the 18th century. English and Welsh were still important, but other European groups arrive (Esp. the Middle Colonies)

March of the Paxton Boys. Regulator Movement. Shays' Rebellion. In North Carolina, spearheaded by the Scotch-Irish, a small insurrection against eastern domination of the colony's affair was known as Bacon's Rebellion. March of the Paxton Boys. Regulator Movement. Shays' Rebellion. Whiskey Rebellion.

March of the Paxton Boys. Regulator Movement. Shays' Rebellion. In North Carolina, spearheaded by the Scotch-Irish, a small insurrection against eastern domination of the colony's affair was known as Bacon's Rebellion. March of the Paxton Boys. Regulator Movement. Shays' Rebellion. Whiskey Rebellion.

Diversity through Immigration

More Immigrants Causes Complexity Booming immigrant population calls for more cheap land… Where (who?) do they get it from? Isolation on the frontier Scots-Irish Confrontation with the Natives Need of “protection” causes growth of militias (ready made army… kinda)

East vs. west land conflicts Paxton Boys

Discussion Question: How does the rising diversity in Ethnicity and Immigration affect colonial identity?

By 1775, the ____ were the largest non-English ethnic group in colonial America Africans Germans West Indians Scots-Irish Irish

By 1775, the ____ were the largest non-English ethnic group in colonial America Africans Germans West Indians Scots-Irish Irish

SOUTHERN Social Class: Rise of the Elites Small Landowning Farmers Lesser Tradesmen, Manual Laborers, Hired Hands Indentured Servants and Jailbirds SLAVES Aristocrats: Leading Planters, Merchants, Lawyers, Officials, Clergymen Lesser Professional Men The Irish

Discussion Questions: Was there greater social mobility in the English colonies? What contributed to this social mobility? What was a major impediment to the idea of social mobility in the English colonies? Why?

The riches created by the growing slave population in the American South were distributed evenly among whites. helped to narrow the gap between rich and poor. created a serious problem with inflation. were not distributed evenly among whites. enabled poor whites to escape tenant farming.

The riches created by the growing slave population in the American South were distributed evenly among whites. helped to narrow the gap between rich and poor. created a serious problem with inflation. were not distributed evenly among whites. enabled poor whites to escape tenant farming.

Religion and the Enlightenment Whitefield Religion and the Enlightenment Charles Finney Mr. Finney

the middle colonies, the South the South, New England The most ethnically diverse region of colonial America was ____, whereas ____ was the least ethnically diverse. New England, the South the middle colonies, the South the South, New England the middle colonies, New England the frontier regions, New England

the middle colonies, the South the South, New England The most ethnically diverse region of colonial America was ____, whereas ____ was the least ethnically diverse. New England, the South the middle colonies, the South the South, New England the middle colonies, New England the frontier regions, New England

Religion Name of Religion Number of Members Chief Location Congregationalist 575,000 New England Anglicans 500,000 N.Y, Southern Colonies Presbyterians 410,000 Frontier (West) German Churches (Including Lutherans) 200,000 Pennsylvania Dutch Reformed 75,000 N.Y., N.J. Quakers 40,000 Pennsylvania, N.J., Delaware Baptists 25,000 R.I., Penn, N.J., Del. Roman Catholics Maryland, Penn Methodist 5,000 Scattered throughout Jews 2,000 N.Y., R.I. TOTAL MEMBERSHIP 1,857,000 TOTAL POPULATION 2,493,000 % of Population that were Members 74%

Religion Continued Tax Supported (Established) Churches, 1775 Colonies Church Date of Disestablishment Massachusetts Congregationalist 1833 Connecticut 1818 New Hampshire 1819 Rhode Island NONE New York Anglican (Only in NYC) 1777 New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Anglican Virginia 1786 North Carolina 1776 South Carolina 1778 Georgia

In contrast to the seventeenth century, by 1775, colonial Americans had become more stratified into social classes and had less social mobility. had all but eliminated poverty. found that it was easier for ordinary people to acquire land. had nearly lost their fear of slave rebellion. had few people who owned small farms.

In contrast to the seventeenth century, by 1775, colonial Americans had become more stratified into social classes and had less social mobility. had all but eliminated poverty. found that it was easier for ordinary people to acquire land. had nearly lost their fear of slave rebellion. had few people who owned small farms.

The Enlightenment Rule of reason and logic Scientific Method Philosophy that attempts to explain the earth through human endeavors Creation of Deism Superior being created Universe, universe is guided by logical principles Many founding fathers were followers of the Enlightenment and Deism Jefferson, Washington, Franklin

God as the “watchmaker”

The Great Awakening: A Reaction to the Enlightenment

Jonathan Edwards Ron Weasley The “New Lights”

Great Awakening (in 3 Parts) Jonathon Edwards – “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” Anti-Arminianism (unconditional salvation vs. conditional salvation) Helps orchestrated George Whitefield George Whitefield Conversion through emotion Frontier, itinerant preacher Preaches to the Poor “New lights” John Wesley Methodist (reform religion – anti-slavery, prison reform, temperance) Embraced Arminianism (Faith leads to election)

Effects of the Great Awakening Short Term: Americans become more emotional Churches split over revivals (new denominations) More powerful amongst the Frontiersmen (poor people) More disunity between the colonies

Effects of the Great Awakening Long Term: Inspired criticism of colonial society Breaks down localism First mass movement that spread over all of the colonies Methodists, Baptists, Presbys grow… Anglicans, Catholics, and Quakers shrink.

Scots-Irish

Discussion Question How did the printing press change American society?

Benjamin Franklin The First “American” Born in Boston (moved to Philly) Inventor, Scientist, Printer Early career: satires of N.E. under the pseudonym Silence Dogooder Later career: Poor Richard’s Almanack Respected diplomat, author, philosopher

some merchants made huge profits as military suppliers. On the eve of the American Revolution, social and economic mobility decreased, partly because some merchants made huge profits as military suppliers. of peacetime economic developments. fewer yeoman farmers were arriving from Europe. of the religious impact of the Puritans. of the increase in the slave trade.

some merchants made huge profits as military suppliers. On the eve of the American Revolution, social and economic mobility decreased, partly because some merchants made huge profits as military suppliers. of peacetime economic developments. fewer yeoman farmers were arriving from Europe. of the religious impact of the Puritans. of the increase in the slave trade.

Things you didn’t know Benjamin Franklin invented

Words of Poor Richard A Flatterer never seems absurd The Flattered always takes his Word Beware of meat twice boil’d and an old foe reconcil’d He’s the best physician that knows the worthlessness of most medicines

Art and Artists Phyllis Wheatley John Trumbull Charles Willson Peale Former Slave Poet John Trumbull Painter Charles Willson Peale Washington’s portrait Benjamin West John Singleton Copley Painters Loyalists Most had to go to England and Europe to become famous artists and train

Match each individual on the left with his or her talent. A-2, B-1, C-3 A-1, B-3, C-2 A-3, B-2, C-1 A-1, B-2, C-3 A-2, B-3, C-1 A. Jonathan Edwards 1. poet B. Benjamin Franklin 2. scientist C. Phillis Wheatley 3. theologian 4. portrait artist

Match each individual on the left with his or her talent. A-2, B-1, C-3 A-1, B-3, C-2 A-3, B-2, C-1 A-1, B-2, C-3 A-2, B-3, C-1 A. Jonathan Edwards 1. poet B. Benjamin Franklin 2. scientist C. Phillis Wheatley 3. theologian 4. portrait artist

The Great Awakening a. undermined the prestige of the learned clergy in the colonies. b. split colonial churches into several competing denominations. c. led to the founding of Princeton, Dartmouth, and Rutgers colleges. d. was the first spontaneous mass movement of the American people. e. All of these

The Great Awakening a. undermined the prestige of the learned clergy in the colonies. b. split colonial churches into several competing denominations. c. led to the founding of Princeton, Dartmouth, and Rutgers colleges. d. was the first spontaneous mass movement of the American people. e. All of these

In colonial America, education was most zealously promoted in the South. in New England. on the frontier. in the middle colonies. in those areas controlled by Spain.

In colonial America, education was most zealously promoted in the South. in New England. on the frontier. in the middle colonies. in those areas controlled by Spain.

The first American college free from denominational control was Harvard. Yale. New York University. Brown University. the University of Pennsylvania

The first American college free from denominational control was Harvard. Yale. New York University. Brown University. the University of Pennsylvania

Culture in colonial America involved heavy investment in art. was generally ignored and unappreciated. showed its native creativity in architecture. was always important to the colonists. for a long time rejected any European influence.

Culture in colonial America involved heavy investment in art. was generally ignored and unappreciated. showed its native creativity in architecture. was always important to the colonists. for a long time rejected any European influence.

The person most often called the "first civilized American" was Thomas Jefferson. John Trumbull. John Winthrop. Phillis Wheatley. Benjamin Franklin.

The person most often called the "first civilized American" was Thomas Jefferson. John Trumbull. John Winthrop. Phillis Wheatley. Benjamin Franklin.

it supported English law. it pointed the way to freedom of the press. The jury's decision in the case of John Peter Zenger, a newspaper printer, was significant because he was found guilty. it supported English law. it pointed the way to freedom of the press. the ruling prohibited criticism of political officials. it allowed the press to print irresponsible criticisms of powerful people.

it supported English law. it pointed the way to freedom of the press. The jury's decision in the case of John Peter Zenger, a newspaper printer, was significant because he was found guilty. it supported English law. it pointed the way to freedom of the press. the ruling prohibited criticism of political officials. it allowed the press to print irresponsible criticisms of powerful people.

By 1775, most governors of American colonies were appointed by colonial proprietors. appointed by the king. elected by popular vote. elected by the vote of colonial legislatures. appointed by the British Parliament.

By 1775, most governors of American colonies were appointed by colonial proprietors. appointed by the king. elected by popular vote. elected by the vote of colonial legislatures. appointed by the British Parliament.

In colonial elections most eligible voters zealously exercised their right to vote. the right to vote was reserved for property holders. only a small landed elite had the right to vote. average citizens were usually elected to office. true democracy had arrived.

In colonial elections most eligible voters zealously exercised their right to vote. the right to vote was reserved for property holders. only a small landed elite had the right to vote. average citizens were usually elected to office. true democracy had arrived.

Chapter 6 When Empires Clash!

1685 French Gov’t Revokes Edict of Nantes Potential problems? 1685 French Gov’t Revokes Edict of Nantes

During the seventeenth century America established the precedent of starting wars in Europe. being somewhat involved in every world war since 1688. relying totally on the British for defense. staying out of European wars totally.

During the seventeenth century America established the precedent of starting wars in Europe. being somewhat involved in every world war since 1688. relying totally on the British for defense. staying out of European wars totally.

“The Great War for Empire” The end of Salutary Neglect The French & Indian War (1756 – 1763) “The Great War for Empire” The end of Salutary Neglect

During a generation of peace following the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, Britain provided its American colonies with a large military presence for protection. decades of salutary neglect. many, higher taxes passed by Parliament. all of the above.

During a generation of peace following the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht, Britain provided its American colonies with a large military presence for protection. decades of salutary neglect. many, higher taxes passed by Parliament. all of the above.

King William’s & Queen Anne’s War – 2 different events English colonists fought the French coureurs de bois beaver hunters) and the Indians Video: King William’s War

King William’s & Queen Anne’s War – 2 different events The peace deal in Utrecht in 1713 gave Acadia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to England Video: Queen Anne’s War

In the various World Wars before 1754, Americans functioned as a unified fighting force. received more support from France than Britain. demonstrated a lack of unity between colonies were not involved in combat.

In the various World Wars before 1754, Americans functioned as a unified fighting force. received more support from France than Britain. demonstrated a lack of unity between colonies were not involved in combat.

France was finally able to join in the scramble for colonies in the New World as a result of the Protestant takeover of the French government. end of the religious wars. revocation of the Edict of Nantes. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

France was finally able to join in the scramble for colonies in the New World as a result of the Protestant takeover of the French government. end of the religious wars. revocation of the Edict of Nantes. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

British Territory after Two Wars, 1713

Unlike the first three Anglo-French wars, the French and Indian War did not affect American colonists' attitudes toward England. was fought initially on the North American continent. united British colonists in strong support of the mother country won the British territorial concessions.

Unlike the first three Anglo-French wars, the French and Indian War did not affect American colonists' attitudes toward England. was fought initially on the North American continent. united British colonists in strong support of the mother country won the British territorial concessions.

War of Jenkin’s Ear British Captain caught smuggling by Spanish Spanish cut off his ear and sent him home to the King War broke out in 1739 between British and Spanish Confined to Caribbean

Turns into War of Austrian Succession in Europe Called King George’s War in the colonies France allied with Spain Peace terms gave Louisbourg back to France Video: King George’s War

Colonial Participation As four “world” wars were fought the colonials participated when it met their needs: Eng v. Spain = Ga and S.C. England v. France = Pa, Ve, NH, NY. Angered when lands they won were given back to Fr. & Sp. In exchange for Eng. Land lost in Europe.

Was 1763 a "turning point" in British-colonial relationships???

North America in 1750

Cape Breton Island. Ohio R. Valley Mississippi River. Great Lakes. The climactic clash between Britain and France for control of the North American continent sprang from their rivalry for control of Cape Breton Island. Ohio R. Valley Mississippi River. Great Lakes.

Cape Breton Island. Ohio River Valley Mississippi River. Great Lakes. The climactic clash between Britain and France for control of the North American continent sprang from their rivalry for control of Cape Breton Island. Ohio River Valley Mississippi River. Great Lakes.

1754  Another First Clash The Ohio Valley British French Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne * George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians

The English & Their Ind's" war RUN AWAY Actually the "French & Their Ind's vs. The English & Their Ind's" war We Surrender Thus starts the "French & Indian War"

In his first military command in the French and Indian War, George Washington helped to force the French from Nova Scotia. was defeated, but allowed to surrender. received strong support from the British. won at Fort Duquesne.

In his first military command in the French and Indian War, George Washington helped to force the French from Nova Scotia. was defeated, but allowed to surrender. received strong support from the British. won at Fort Duquesne.

1754  Albany Plan of Union Two part plan Keep Iroquois on English side. (partially successful) Create a combined NE government (Total Failure, as Eng saw it as too independent, and colonies as too weak)

The immediate purpose of the Albany Congress of 1754 was to support George Washington's desire to head the colonial militia. prevent the French from attacking American outposts. keep the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British. request the help of the British military

The immediate purpose of the Albany Congress of 1754 was to support George Washington's desire to head the colonial militia. prevent the French from attacking American outposts. keep the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British. request the help of the British military

Albany Plan of Union Aware of the hard times that war could put on the colonies, English officials suggested a "union between ye Royal, Proprietary & Charter Governments." Some colonial leaders agreed and in June 1754 delegates from most of the northern colonies and representatives from the Six Iroquois Nations met in Albany, New York. They decided on a "plan of union" drafted by Benjamin Franklin. Under this plan each colonial legislature would elect delegates to an American continental assembly presided over by a royal governor.

First of all, Franklin anticipated many of the problems that would beset the government created after independence, such as finance, dealing with the Indian tribes, control of trade, and defense. British officials realized that, if adopted, the plan could create a very powerful government that His Majesty's Government might not be able to control. The plan was rejected by the Crown and by the legislatures in several of the colonies.

1755  Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Amer. Gen. Edward Braddock  evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia) Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia. Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne  by 1500 French and Indian forces. Only Br. Success  expelled French from Acadia. CAJUNS

1756  War Is Formally Declared! Lord Loudouin Marquis de Montcalm Native American tribes exploited both sides!

As a result of General Braddock's defeat a few miles from Fort Duquesne, General Braddock was forced to leave the military George Washington was left without a military command. the frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina was open to Indian attack. the British controlled the frontier.

As a result of General Braddock's defeat a few miles from Fort Duquesne, General Braddock was forced to leave the military George Washington was left without a military command. the frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina was open to Indian attack. the British controlled the frontier.

British-American Colonial Tensions Colonials British Methods of Fighting: Indian-style guerilla tactics. March in formation or bayonet charge. Military Organization: Col. militias served under own captains. Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. Military Discipline: No mil. deference or protocols observed. Drills & tough discipline. Finances: Resistance to rising taxes. Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: Casual, non-professionals. Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

The British invasion of Canada in 1756 during the French and Indian War ended in British defeat. concentrated on Quebec and Montreal. followed sound strategic planning. resulted in victory for Britain.

The British invasion of Canada in 1756 during the French and Indian War ended in British defeat. concentrated on Quebec and Montreal. followed sound strategic planning. resulted in victory for Britain.

1757  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister He understood colonial concerns. He offered them a compromise: - col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. would reimburse col. assemblies for their costs. - Lord Loudoun would be removed. RESULTS?  Colonial morale increased by 1758.

1758-1761  The Tide Turns for England * By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

this is the KEY

Wolfe v. Montcalm Battle of Quebec Plains of Abraham

General Wolfe & Highlanders

1763  Treaty of Paris France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain --> got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England --> got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

North America in 1763

Effects of the War on Britain? 1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that a major reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

With the end of the French and Indian War, the disunity jealousy and suspicion that had long existed amongst the American colonials resulted in renewed acts of violence. finally came to a complete end. continued without change. began to melt somewhat.

With the end of the French and Indian War, the disunity jealousy and suspicion that had long existed amongst the American colonials resulted in renewed acts of violence. finally came to a complete end. continued without change. began to melt somewhat.

Effects of the War on the American Colonials 1. It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier 1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion Fort Detroit British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

Colonials  Paxton Boys (PA) BACKLASH! British  Proclamation Line of 1763. Colonials  Paxton Boys (PA)

Rethinking Their Empire Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling: 1761  writs of assistance James Otis’ case Protection of a citizen’s private property must be held in higher regard than a parliamentary statute. He lost  parliamentary law and custom had equal weight.