Urinary and Lymphatic Systems

Functions of Lymphatic System Filters lymph fluid Returns leaked fluid to circulatory system Produces and modifies cells of immune system to fight infection

Major Organs of the Lymphatic System Lymph Fluid Lymph Capillaries Lymph Vessels Lymph Nodes (nonsecreting "glands“) Thymus Spleen Tonsils

Major Organs of the Lymphatic System Lymph Fluid: The clear fluid found outside the cells which bathes the tissues. It is collected, filtered, and transported by the lymphatic system from around the tissues to the blood of the circulatory system.

Major Organs of the Lymphatic System Lymph Capillaries – collect lymph fluid from the tissues of the body Lymph Capillary Animation:

Lymph Capillaries Thin walled - pick up and recycle extra tissue fluid During inflammation, lymph capillaries can absorb: –Cell debris –Pathogens –Cancer cells Lymph circulation due to ?

Major Organs of the Lymphatic System Lymph Vessels transport lymph fluid to the circulatory system.

Damaged valves or blocked lymph vessels ??? Lymphatic vessels comparable in structure to veins

Lymph Transport The lymphatic system lacks a pumping organ To propel lymph, vessels rely on: –Pulsations of nearby arteries –Movement of muscles throughout the body –Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatic vessels

Lymphoid Organs – aid in the production of lymphocytes (WBC) Lymph Nodes Spleen Thymus Tonsils

Lymphocytes Lymphocytes are the main cells involved in the immune response Two main varieties: –T cells –B cells

Lymphocytes T cells and B cells protect the body against antigens 1.Antigen – anything the body perceives as foreign –Bacteria and their toxins; viruses –Mismatched RBCs or cancer cells

Lymphocytes 2. T cells –Manage the immune response –Attack and destroy foreign cells 3. B cells –Produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies –Antibodies immobilize antigens

Bone Marrow: Lymphopoiesis Lymphocytes are later also produced in thymus, spleen and tonsils Fig 23.7

Lymph Nodes - Primary lymphatic organs of the body Found within connective tissue and along lymphatic vessels 2 basic functions: –Filtration –remove microorganisms, dead cells, and debris –Immune system activation – monitor and attack antigens

Lymph nodes Lymph Nodes Animation

Spleen Largest lymphatic organ Functions: –Site of lymphocyte production –Immune surveillance and response –Cleanses the blood by removing dead red blood cells

Thymus Only lymphoid organ that does NOT fight antigens, it functions as “T-cell academy” – modifies T-cells

Tonsils & Adenoids Simplest lymphatic organs Trap bacteria and other antigens which work their way into the follicles where they are destroyed

Disorders of the Lymphatic System Edema  Accumulation of lymph fluid caused by blockages in the lymphatic vessels

Disorders of the Lymphatic System Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome – genetic disorder in which a person is born missing T cells (white blood cells that identify and attack perceived “invaders”) and affect the function of the B cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies against infection)

Disorders of the Lymphatic System –An autoimmune disorder is a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. There are more than 80 different types of autoimmune disorders. Rhuematoid Arthritis Type I Diabetes Psoriasis Vitiligo

The Urinary System

Functions of Urinary System ●Regulate fluid balance (fluid volume) of the body ●Excrete waste products from the blood Stabilize blood pH Regulate ion concentrations in the blood

Kidney Location

Major Organs of the Urinary System –Kidneys– main organs of the urinary system; have specialized cells called Nephrons that filter harmful poisons like urea from the blood

Major Organs of the Urinary System –Kidneys– main organs of the urinary system; have specialized cells called Nephrons that filter harmful poisons like urea from the blood

Major Organs of the Urinary System –Bladder –stores urine

Major Organs of the Urinary System –Bladder –stores urine

Major Organs of the Urinary System –Ureters– tubes that connect kidneys to bladder

Major Organs of the Urinary System –Ureters– tubes that connect kidneys to bladder

Major Organs of the Urinary System –Urethra– tube thru which urine exits the body

Major Organs of the Urinary System –Urethra– tube thru which urine exits the body

Major Organs of the Urinary System –Kidneys– main organs of the urinary system; have specialized cells called Nephrons that filter harmful poisons like urea from the blood –Bladder –stores urine –Ureters– tubes that connect kidneys to bladder –Urethra– tube thru which urine exits the body

2 Categories of Waste Removed By the Kidneys (produced by cellular respiration)

Excretion and other body systems

Cross section

Kidney Stones

Renal failure Acute (sudden) kidney failure is the sudden loss of the ability of the kidneys to remove waste and concentrate urine. –Can be caused by: Dehydration, Hemorrhage, Injury, Septic shock, Serious illness, Surgery