Chapter 20 Air Pollution. Overview of Chapter 20 o Atmosphere as a Resource o Types and Sources of Air Pollution Major Classes of Air Pollutants Major.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Ozone Depletion 10.4 Chapter 15.
Advertisements

19 Air Pollution. Atmosphere  Atmospheric Composition  Nitrogen 78.08%  Oxygen 20.95% *  Argon 0.93%  Carbon dioxide 0.04% *  Other gases & pollutants.
The “Big Five” Air Pollutants. Carbon Monoxide When fossil fuels and other organic fuels (e.g. wood) burn, they release water vapor and carbon dioxide.
Chapter 20 Air Pollution.
Laws to Prevent and Reduce Air Pollution Unit 4. Human Input of Pollutants into Troposphere Nitrogen and Sulfur compounds released by burning fossil fuels.
INHALATION TOXICOLOGY Teacher: M. Abdollahi Teacher Assistant: A. Baghaei.
Air Pollution.
Air Pollution. What is air pollution? The presence of chemicals in the atmosphere in quantities and duration that are harmful to human health and the.
19 Air Pollution.
Air Pollution. Overview of Chapter 16 Atmosphere as a Resource Types and Sources of Air Pollution – Major Classes of Air Pollutants – Sources of Outdoor.
Lab questions What forms/causes indoor air pollutants? List some examples of indoor air pollutants.
Chapter 20 Air Pollution. Overview of Chapter 20  Atmosphere as a Resource  Types and Sources of Air Pollution  Effects of Air Pollution  Controlling.
Chapter 20 Air Pollution.
AIR POLLUTION Composition of Air:
 Atmosphere as a Resource  Types and Sources of Air Pollution › Major Classes of Air Pollutants › Sources of Outdoor Air Pollutants › Urban Air Pollution.
Chapter 15 Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion.
APES Get out lab – keep at table. SMOG Ch. 18 Smog Localized air pollution in urban areas, mixture of pollutants that form with interaction with sunlight.
Pollution.
Air Pollution. Overview of Air Pollution o Atmosphere as a Resource o Types and Sources of Air Pollution Major Classes of Air Pollutants Major Classes.
Air Pollution. Three Big Ideas 1.Outdoor air pollution, in the forms of industrial smog, photochemical smog, and acid deposition, and indoor air pollution.
Air Pollution. Overview of Air Pollution o Atmosphere as a Resource o Types and Sources of Air Pollution Major Classes of Air Pollutants Major Classes.
Aim: What are the major outdoor air pollutants?
Air Pollution. Overview o Atmosphere as a Resource o Types and Sources of Air Pollution Major Classes of Air Pollutants Major Classes of Air Pollutants.
Air Pollution Chapter 20. Facts about Air ____% is Nitrogen (N 2 ) ____% is Nitrogen (N 2 ) ____% is Oxygen (O 2 ) ____% is Oxygen (O 2 ) ____% is Argon.
Any harmful substances that can buildup in the air to unhealthy levels
AIR and Air Pollution Health Effects A. Short-term effects reversible 1. headache 2. nausea 3. irritation to eyes, nose, & throat 4. tightness in chest.
AIR and Air Pollution Atmosphere is made up of: 1. Nitrogen - 78% 2. Oxygen – 21% 3. Argon(.9%), carbon dioxide(.03%) and water vapor(.07%)
SECTION 1.4 Human activities affect the atmosphere.
Air Pollution.
Air Pollution Definition: Chemical or physical agent that when added to the environment impacts people, wildlife, plants or ecosystems. Natural.
Chapter 19 Air Pollution.
Chapter 19 Air Pollution.
Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Chapter 22 Air and Noise Pollution The Air Pollution Problem ● Harmful materials to the environment are called pollutants. ● Harmful substances.
Chapter 15 Part II. Acid Deposition: Much Less of Problem Than it Used to Be All rain is naturally acidic. AS CO 2 reacts with water it lowers the pH.
Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Pollution. What is air pollution? …air that contains harmful substances at unhealthy levels.
Air Pollution. AIR POLLUTION  Clean Air made up mostly of nitrogen & oxygen with some traces of argon, carbon dioxide, water vapor  Air Pollution results.
Air Pollution Dr. Sireen Alkhaldi, DrPh Community Medicine, First semester 2015/ 2016 Faculty of Medicine/ The University of Jordan.
19 Air Pollution. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Overview of Chapter 19  Atmosphere as a Resource  Types and Sources of Air Pollution.
Air Pollution. Overview o Atmosphere as a Resource o Types and Sources of Air Pollution Major Classes of Air Pollutants Major Classes of Air Pollutants.
Chapter 20 Air Pollution. Atmosphere as a Resource o Atmospheric Composition Nitrogen 78.08% Nitrogen 78.08% Oxygen 20.95% Oxygen 20.95% Argon 0.93% Argon.
Air Pollution. Overview o Atmosphere o Types and Sources of Air Pollution Major Classes of Air Pollutants Major Classes of Air Pollutants Sources of Outdoor.
Air Resources & Pollution Environmental Science. Clean Air Components.
Day 1. Question of the day: o What were the solutions to reducing the rate of ozone depletion? o 2. How is ozone different at the ground level than in.
Air Pollution Chapter 20. The Atmosphere as a Resource Atmospheric composition: Nitrogen = 78% Oxygen = 21% Argon = 0.93% Carbon dioxide = 0.04%
The major air pollutants
Air Pollution.
Ch. 18 Air Pollution.
Chapter 20 Air Pollution.
Chapter 19 Air Pollution.
Air Pollution.
Chapter 20 Air Pollution.
Chapter 20 Air Pollution.
By: Tamar, Diran, Arno, Anise
Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Air Pollution.
Chapter 18 Air Pollution.
Day 3: Secondary Pollutants
All About the Air….
Chapter 20 Air Pollution.
Air Quality and Greenhouse Effect
Chapter 20 Air Pollution.
Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Air Pollution and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
List the 4 things that show the Evidence of a Warming Earth?
Water Distribution Notes
Air Pollution.
How do human activities affect air quality? Air Pollution
Presentation transcript:

Chapter 20 Air Pollution

Overview of Chapter 20 o Atmosphere as a Resource o Types and Sources of Air Pollution Major Classes of Air Pollutants Major Classes of Air Pollutants Sources of Outdoor Air Pollutants Sources of Outdoor Air Pollutants Urban Air Pollution Urban Air Pollution o Effects of Air Pollution o Controlling Air Pollution in the US

Atmosphere as a Resource o Atmospheric Composition Nitrogen 78.08% Nitrogen 78.08% Oxygen 20.95% Oxygen 20.95% Argon 0.93% Argon 0.93% Carbon dioxide 0.04% Carbon dioxide 0.04% o Ecosystem services Blocks UV radiation Blocks UV radiation Moderates the climate Moderates the climate Redistributes water in the hydrologic cycle Redistributes water in the hydrologic cycle

Types and Sources of Air Pollution o Air Pollution Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural events or human activities in high enough concentrations to be harmful Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural events or human activities in high enough concentrations to be harmful o Two categories Primary Air Pollutant Primary Air Pollutant Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the atmosphere Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the atmosphere Secondary Air Pollutant Secondary Air Pollutant Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants

Major Air Pollutants

Major Classes of Air Pollutants o Particulate Material o Nitrogen Oxides o Sulfur Oxides o Carbon Oxides o Hydrocarbons o Ozone

Particulate Material o Thousands of different solid or liquid particles suspended in air Includes: soil particles, soot, lead, asbestos, sea salt, and sulfuric acid droplets Includes: soil particles, soot, lead, asbestos, sea salt, and sulfuric acid droplets o Dangerous for 2 reasons May contain materials with toxic or carcinogenic effects May contain materials with toxic or carcinogenic effects Extremely small particles can become lodged in lungs Extremely small particles can become lodged in lungs

Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides o Nitrogen Oxides Gases produced by the chemical interactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at high temperature Gases produced by the chemical interactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen at high temperature Problems Problems Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases Cause difficulty breathing Cause difficulty breathing o Sulfur Oxides Gases produced by the chemical interactions between sulfur and oxygen Gases produced by the chemical interactions between sulfur and oxygen Causes acid precipitation Causes acid precipitation

Carbon Oxides and Hydrocarbons o Carbon Oxides Gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases o Hydrocarbons Diverse group of organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon (ex: CH 4 - methane) Diverse group of organic compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon (ex: CH 4 - methane) Some are related to photochemical smog and greenhouse gases Some are related to photochemical smog and greenhouse gases

Ozone o Tropospheric Ozone Man- made pollutant in the lower atmosphere Man- made pollutant in the lower atmosphere Secondary air pollutant Secondary air pollutant Component of photochemical smog Component of photochemical smog o Stratospheric Ozone Essential component that screens out UV radiation in the upper atmosphere Essential component that screens out UV radiation in the upper atmosphere Man- made pollutants (ex: CFCs) can destroy it Man- made pollutants (ex: CFCs) can destroy it

Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution o Two main sources Transportation Transportation Industry Industry o Intentional forest fires is also high

Urban Air Pollution o Photochemical Smog (ex: Los Angeles below) Brownish-orange haze formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons Brownish-orange haze formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons

Formation of Photochemical Smog

Sources of Smog in Los Angeles

Case-In-Point Air Pollution in Beijing and Mexico City o Beijing (left) o Mexico City (above)

Effects of Air Pollution o Low level exposure Irritates eyes Irritates eyes Causes inflammation of respiratory tract Causes inflammation of respiratory tract o Can develop into chronic respiratory diseases

Health Effects of Air Pollution o Sulfur Dioxide and Particulate material Irritate respiratory tract and impair ability of lungs to exchange gases Irritate respiratory tract and impair ability of lungs to exchange gases o Nitrogen Dioxides Causes airway restriction Causes airway restriction o Carbon monoxide Binds with iron in blood hemoglobin Binds with iron in blood hemoglobin Causes headache, fatigue, drowsiness, death Causes headache, fatigue, drowsiness, death o Ozone Causes burning eyes, coughing, and chest discomfort Causes burning eyes, coughing, and chest discomfort

Children and Air Pollution o Greater health threat to children than adults Air pollution can restrict lung development Air pollution can restrict lung development Children breath more often than adults Children breath more often than adults o Children who live in high ozone areas are more likely to develop asthma

Controlling Air Pollution in US o Smokestacks with electrostatic precipitator (right) Without Electrostatic precipitator With Electrostatic precipitator

Controlling Air Pollution in the US o Smokestacks with scrubbers (right) o Particulate material can also be controlled by proper excavating techniques

Controlling Air Pollution in the US o Phase I Vapor Recovery System for gasoline

The Clean Air Act o Authorizes EPA to set limits on amount of specific air pollutants permitted o Focuses on 6 pollutants: lead, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone lead, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone o Act has led to decreases!

Other Ways to Improve Air Quality o Reduce sulfur content in gasoline from its current average of 330 ppm to 30 ppm Sulfur clogs catalytic converters Sulfur clogs catalytic converters o Require federal emission standards for all passenger vehicles Including SUVs, trucks and minivans Including SUVs, trucks and minivans o Require emission testing for all vehicles Including diesel Including diesel

Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere o Ozone Protects earth from UV radiation Part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths just shorter than visible light Part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths just shorter than visible light

Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere o Ozone thinning/hole First identified in 1985 over Antarctica First identified in 1985 over Antarctica o Caused by human-produced bromine and chlorine containing chemicals human-produced bromine and chlorine containing chemicals Ex: CFCs Ex: CFCs

Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere o Hole over Antarctica requires two conditions: Sunlight just returning to polar region Sunlight just returning to polar region Circumpolar vortex- a mass of cold air that circulates around the southern polar region Circumpolar vortex- a mass of cold air that circulates around the southern polar region Isolates it from the warmer air in the rest of the planet Isolates it from the warmer air in the rest of the planet o Polar stratospheric clouds form Enables Cl and Br to destroy ozone Enables Cl and Br to destroy ozone

Effects of Ozone Depletion o Higher levels of UV- radiation hitting the earth Eye cataracts Eye cataracts Skin cancer (right) Skin cancer (right) Weakened immunity Weakened immunity o May disrupt ecosystems o May damage crops and forests

Recovery of Ozone Layer o Montreal Protocol (1987) Reduction of CFCs Reduction of CFCs Started using HCFCs (greenhouse gas) Started using HCFCs (greenhouse gas) o Phase out of all ozone destroying chemicals is underway globally o Satellite pictures in 2000 indicated that ozone layer was recovering o Full recovery will not occur until 2050

Acid Deposition o Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions react with water vapor in the atmosphere and form acids that return to the surface as either dry or wet deposition o pH scale

How Acid Deposition Develops

Effects of Acid Deposition o Declining Aquatic Animal Populations o Thin-shelled eggs prevent bird reproduction Because calcium is unavailable in acidic soil Because calcium is unavailable in acidic soil o Forest decline Ex: Black forest in Germany (50% is destroyed) Ex: Black forest in Germany (50% is destroyed)

Acid Deposition and Forest Decline

Air Pollution Around the World o Air quality is deteriorating rapidly in developing countries o Shenyang, China Residents only see sunlight a few weeks each year Residents only see sunlight a few weeks each year o Developing countries have older cars Still use leaded gasoline Still use leaded gasoline o 5 worst cities in world Beijing, China; Mexico City, Mexico; Shanghai, China; Tehran, Iran; and Calcutta, India Beijing, China; Mexico City, Mexico; Shanghai, China; Tehran, Iran; and Calcutta, India

Long Distance Transport of Air Pollutants

Indoor Air Pollution o Pollutants can be 5-100X greater than outdoors o Most common: Radon, cigarette smoke, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde pesticides, lead, cleaning solvents, ozone, and asbestos Radon, cigarette smoke, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde pesticides, lead, cleaning solvents, ozone, and asbestos

Indoor Air Pollution - Radon