Chemistry 22.1

Hydrocarbons Gasoline, diesel fuel, and kerosene are examples of liquid fuels. A solid fuel, coal, produced the steam for the locomotives that pulled old-time trains. These fuels are mixtures of compounds called hydrocarbons. You will learn about the structure and properties of hydrocarbons.

Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons How is the number of valence electrons in carbon atoms related to the bonds that carbon atoms form?

Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons Because carbon has four valence electrons, a carbon atom always forms four covalent bonds. The simplest organic compounds contain only carbon and hydrogen and are called hydrocarbons.

Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons One carbon atom can form a single covalent bond with four hydrogen atoms.

Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons Animation 28 Get a glimpse of the staggering variety of hydrocarbon compounds.

Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons Formulas and Models for Methane and Ethane Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model Different types of formulas and models can be used to represent hydrocarbons such as methane and ethane. Interpreting Diagrams What does a stick in a ball-and-stick model represent?

Alkanes Alkanes What are two possible arrangements of carbon atoms in an alkane?

Alkanes An alkane is a hydrocarbon in which there are only single covalent bonds. The carbon atoms in an alkane can be arranged in a straight chain or in a chain that has branches.

Straight-Chain Alkanes Ethane is the simplest of the straight-chain alkanes, which contain any number of carbon atoms, one after the other, in a chain.

Alkanes A group of compounds forms a homologous series if there is a constant increment of change in molecular structure from one compound in the series to the next.

Hydrocarbons are used as fuels. Alkanes Hydrocarbons are used as fuels. Hydrocarbons are used as fuels. a) Pressurized tanks of propane are used to fuel the burners in hot-air balloons. b) Butane serves as the fuel for many lighters.

Alkanes In a condensed structural formula, some bonds and/or atoms are left out of the structural formula. Although the bonds and atoms do not appear, they are there.

Alkanes

for Conceptual Problem 22.1 Problem Solving 22.1 Solve Problem 1 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.

Branched-Chain Alkanes An atom or group of atoms that can take the place of a hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule is called a substituent.

A hydrocarbon substituent is called an alkyl group. Alkanes A hydrocarbon substituent is called an alkyl group. An alkane with one or more alkyl groups is called a branched-chain alkane.

Alkanes Ball-and-stick and space-filling models show the arrangement of atoms in 4-ethyl-2,3- dimethylheptane. Ball-and-stick and space-filling models show the arrangement of atoms in 4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane. Interpreting Diagrams Based on the ball-and-stick model, how many carbons are there in the longest straight chain?

for Conceptual Problem 22.2 Problem Solving 22.3 Solve Problem 3 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.

for Conceptual Problem 22.3 Problem Solving 22.5 Solve Problem 5 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.

Properties of Alkanes Properties of Alkanes In terms of their polarity, what type of molecules are alkanes?

Molecules of hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, are nonpolar molecules. Properties of Alkanes Molecules of hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, are nonpolar molecules. The nonpolar molecules in the oil spill are not attracted to the polar water molecules in the ocean.

22.1 Section Quiz. 22.1.

22.1 Section Quiz. 1. Choose the correct words for the spaces. Because carbon has ______ valence electrons, it can form ______________ bonds. four, four covalent four, four ionic six, six covalent six, four or fewer covalent

22.1 Section Quiz. 2. Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only ___________ bonds. carbon-carbon single covalent carbon-hydrogen ionic

22.1 Section Quiz 3. Choose the correct words for the spaces. Hydrocarbons are highly soluble in _______ solvents because they are ________ molecules. nonpolar, nonpolar nonpolar, polar polar, nonpolar polar, polar

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