Nanotechnology Nano size: Generally nm The European Science Foundation definition Nanoscale was seen to range from 1 to 1000 nm

Particle size classification  1 nmChemical drug  5 nmProtein  10 nmDNA  nmBlood vessel pore  50 nmCarbon nanotube  nmLiposome nanoparticle  1000 nm (1 µm)bacteria  10 µmCell  50 µmHuman hair

Cell membrane pore A side view of a pore (blue dots) in the water- channel protein AQP1, which pierces the cell membrane. Cell exterior is at top, interior at bottom. The pore is about 2.8 angstroms across at its narrowest.

Advantages of nanoparticles Advantage of nanoparticles - To deliver more effectively: Enhance amount permeate at favorable site, sustain release of actives, increase mucoadhesive (liposome, neosome, nanoparticle, microemulsion, nanoemulsion) - To deliver more effectively: Enhance amount permeate at favorable site, sustain release of actives, increase mucoadhesive (liposome, neosome, nanoparticle, microemulsion, nanoemulsion) - Nano-powder (Zno, TiO 2 etc) - Carbon nanotube

Titanium dioxide nano powder

Toxicology of nanoparticles  Size  Surface area  Surface chemistry  Solubility  Shape  Material type 1) biodegradable 2) Non- biodegradable * Depend on phagocytic clearance

Exposure routes

Phagocytosis Most Dangerous 2 1 3

Limited Experimental toxicology of manufactured nanomaterials reported to date  Fullerenes  Carbon nanotube  Metal oxide nanoparticles (ZnO, TiO 2 )

Eight allotropes of carbon: a) Diamond, b) Graphite, c) Lonsdaleite, d) C60 (Buckminsterfullerene or buckyball), e) C540, f) C70, g) Amorphous carbon, and h) single-walled carbon nanotube or buckytube.carbon DiamondGraphite LonsdaleiteBuckminsterfullerene buckyballAmorphous carboncarbon nanotubebuckytube

Research work in nanoparticles toxicology  Use carbon single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) as model SWCT do not induce cell damage but stimulate fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis→ Lung Fibrosis Small well disperse SWCNT penetrate lung tissue more efficiently than agglomeration SWCT induce angiogenesis

Nanomaterialization of Chitin- chitosan: Approaches and potential applications  Nanomaterials: the materials which exhibit the special properties due to the function in nanometer range

Formation of nanomaterials  Molecolar Architecture: Building from molecular components, Chemical modification  Size reduction: Constructing from large entities, Depolymerization

Chitosan Nanosphere  Synthesis - Organic base system: mPEG grafted phthaloylchitin - Water base system: Chitosan-mPEG-CA

Self assembly property

PEG

UV-screening Nanocarrier Based on polyvinylalcohol-co- vinylcinnamate  Chemical modification Amphiphilic polymer: self-assembly: PVA combined UV protective substances