APPLE I and APPLE II Nick Rakoczy

APPLE I April 11 th, 1976

Why? Began as an idea from Steve Wozniak to replace mainframe computing.

Developing a Project Charter To provide an all-in-one desktop computer: keyboard, screen, and computer; all in one small stand-alone computer on a desktop. – Steve Wozniak (March 5 th, 1975)

Identifying Stakeholders Initially just Wozniak: who built the design intending to distribute it for free. Jobs joined and brought the idea of selling the computer as a product. Wozniak put up $500, and Jobs put up $1500 to get Apple Computers started.

Collecting Requirements A Processor (Motorola 8600) Memory No case, power supply, monitor, or keyboard Those are to be supplied by the builder as the Apple I was a build kit.

Defining the Scope No keyboard, no monitor, no case. Processor, memory, and solder points for expansion. Designed to sold to enthusiasts, not for end-users. Originally designed to be free by Wozniak, Jobs suggested charging for it. “I designed the Apple I because I wanted to give it away for free to other people” – Steve Wozniak

Work Breakdown Structure Steve Wozniak: Designer and Programmer Designed the Apple I boards Wrote the BASIC interpreter Steve Jobs: Sales and Marketing Convinced Woz to sell the Apple I Found buyers Found discounts on parts needed for assembly. Ron Wayne: Legal advise and potential funding Backed out at the last minute

Estimated Costs PartCostSaleProfit Logic Board$20/unit$40/unit$20/unit Memory$120/unit Processor$20/unit Total$166/unit$500/unit$334/unit

Project Execution Jobs acted as salesman Wozniak assembled the Apple I board in his garage (or as some suggest, his bedroom).

Verify / Control Scope Apple I was designed as an enthusiast kit. Most stores were unwilling to sell the product due to it’s high price and small target audience, many suggested expanding scope to include a keyboard and monitor; making the Apple I an an all-in-one box. They stayed true to their original goal, but this idea came back with the Apple II

Closing Price dropped 5 months before Apple II was released. Discontinued 3 months after Apple II was released. It is estimated around 50 Apple I computers are still in working condition.

Leadership Issues Wozniak was always wanting to include things for free. Jobs always wanted to monetize everything.

Revival In 2003, Vince Briel redesigned the Apple I using modern computer components on a more compact board. Apple Computer Inc. had no issue with the release as Vince had been given permission from Wozniak and the Apple I design was not technically owned by Apple Computer Inc, but by Wozniak himself.

Apple II June 5 th, 1977

Changes Addition of an integrated keyboard Hacked together color over NTSC support Switched mode power supply Inclusion of a case

Target Audience Changes No longer aiming for hobbyists Now targeting average consumers

New Requirements Must have a case Must include a power-supply Add support for sound Multiple expansion slots for lots of third-party devices BONUS: Wozniak found a way to make color graphics

Process Reduce costs by outsourcing the printing of the logic boards to Ireland and Singapore Assemble in Silicon Valley

Adjusted Price Estimate Addition of a case requires a starting capital of $200,000 for the tooling shop Filled by getting a loan in exchange for a 1/3 rd share of the company from Mike Markkula

Growing Up Wozniak and Jobs couldn’t keep up with the demand for the Apple II and ended up hiring employees They moved out of the garage and into an office building in Cupertino

Closing Apple II went through at least 4, some could argue as many as 8 more revisions of the Apple II The executing phase of the Apple II project dragged on and was renewed over and over until 1993 when the Apple IIe was finally discontinued in favor of the Macintosh project.

Commentary Apple I and II

Successes Convincing Wozniak to sell the Apple I Acknowledging the changing market towards consumer products Failures