1 MIXED-SPECIES BIRD FLOCKS IN SOUTHEASTERN PERU.

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Presentation transcript:

1 MIXED-SPECIES BIRD FLOCKS IN SOUTHEASTERN PERU

Chestnut-eared Aracari

Paradise Tanager

fruit collection, Cocha Juarez

Golden-headed Manakin

Red-headed Manakin

Paullinia sp.

Chestnut-winged Hookbill

Cycloptera sp.

Typophyllum sp.

Acanthops tuberculata

Caligo sp.

snake-mimicking chrysalis

Swallowtail chrysalis Papilio sp.

Wedge-billed Woodcreeper MIXED-SPECIES FLOCKS Characteristics of flocks insectivorous species permanent associations with jointly held territories understory flocks & canopy flocks up to 20 or more species at one time in understory flocks up to 30 or more species at one time in canopy flocks composition of core species similar from flock to flock one pair of each species with their young of the year jointly defended territory all species nest within the joint territory flock members spend their lives in the same flock

16 Advantages of Flocking protection from predators members have use of a larger exclusive area than they would be able to control individually Barred Forest-Falcon

CORE SPECIES UNDERSTORY MIXED-SPECIES FLOCKS Elegant Woodcreeper Olive-backed Foliage-Gleaner Plain Xenops Bluish-slate Antshrike Dusky-throated Antshrike White-flanked Antwren Long-winged Antwren Gray Antwren White-eyed Antwren Tawny-crowned Greenlet Red-crowned Ant-Tanager SWITCHING SPECIES Wedge-billed Woodcreeper Olivaceous Woodcreeper Yellow-margined Flycatcher PATCH SPECIES Fasciated Antshrike Plain-winged Antshrike White-shouldered Antshrike Spot-winged Antshrike Gray Antbird Buff-throated Woodcreeper Plain-throated Antwren Black-faced Antbird TEMPORARY & OCCASIONAL SPECIES

CORE SPECIES CANOPY MIXED-SPECIES FLOCKS Chestnut-shouldered Antwren Yellow-Olive Flycatcher Dusky-capped Greenlet White-winged Shrike-Tanager Flame-crested Tanager White-shouldered Tanager REGULAR SPECIES White-fronted Nunbird Olivaceous Woodcreeper Lineated Woodcreeper Chestnut-winged Hookbill Chestnut-winged Foliage-Gleaner Rufous-rumped Foliage-Gleaner Rufous-tailed Foliage-Gleaner Streaked Xenops Spot-winged Antshrike Sclater’s Antwren Pygmy Antwren Gray Antwren Ochre-bellied Flycatcher Forest Elaenia White-lored Tyrannulet Slender-footed Tyrannulet Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet Black-capped Becard Pink-throated Becard White-vented Euphonia Orange-bellied Euphonia Rufous-bellied Euphonia TEMPORARY SPECIES Paradise Tanager Green & Gold Tanager Turquoise Tanager Opal-crowned Tanager Opal-rumped Tanager Blue Dacnis Black-faced Dacnis Yellow-bellied Dacnis Purple Honeycreeper Green Honeycreeper

canopy mixed-species flock territories understory mixed-species flock territories

20 Flock species are able to coexist because they exploit different niches, foraging in slightly different manners for different types and sizes of prey.

Wedge-billed Woodcreeper

Buff-throated Woodcreeper

Red-billed Scythebill

Gray-crowned Flycatcher

Olivaceous Flatbill

Orange-bellied Euphonia

Gilded Barbet

White-winged Shrike-Tanager - canopy flock sentinel and leader male female Bluish-slate Antshrike - understory flock sentinel and leader male female

Some Boreal Migrants That Join Mixed-Species Flocks Blackpoll Warbler Scarlet Tanager Red-eyed Vireo

30 Some Austral Migrants that Join Mixed-Species Flocks Swainson’s Flycatcher Brown-crested Flycatcher Greenish Elaenia

Pygiptila stellaris Thamnophilu s schistaceus Thamnomane s caesius Thamnomane s ardesiacus Pygiptila, Thamnophilus & Thamnomanes Antshrikes

Myrmotherula axillaris Myrmotherula Antwrens - part 1 Myrmotherul a hauxwelli Myrmotherlu a menetriesii Myrmotherula longipennis

Myrmotherul a sclateri Myrmotherul a brachyura Myrmotherul a leucopthalm us Myrmotherula Antwrens - part 2

Philydor & Automolus Foliage-Gleaners Philydor erythrocercu m Automolus infuscatus

Ornate Antwren Ornate Antwren Warbling Antbird Striated Antbird Ornate Antwren Ihering’s Antwren Peruvian Recurvebill Dusky-cheeked Foliage-gleaner Rufous-headed Woodpecker Red-billed Scythebill Brown-rumped Foliage-gleaner Bamboo Antshrike Warbling Antbird Manu Antbird Goeldi’s Antbird Cabanis’ Spinetail Large-headed Flatbill Dusky-tailed Flatbill Flammulated Pygmy-Tyrant White-cheeked Tody-Tyrant Long-crested Pygmy-Tyrant Rufous Twistwing

Red-eyed Vireo

Scarlet Tanager

Blackpoll Warbler - adult male

Blackpoll Warbler

Eastern Kingbird

Swainson’s Thrush

Green and Gold Tanager

Schizolobium sp.

Chorisia insignis and Schizolobium sp.

ground level

subcanopy - 21 meters above ground

canopy view at InkaTerra’s Reserva Amazonica (formerly Cuzco-Amazonica)

structure of a tropical rainforest

A giant Ceiba pentandra - Silk-cotton or Kapok Tree at Tres Chimbadas

An emergent Brazil Nut tree at Explorer’s Inn

mass of lianas on a tree trunk

vine-covered trunk

Rufous Motmot

Squirrel Cuckoo

White-necked Puffbird

Common Potoo

Combretum assimile

Gould’s Jewelfront

Orange-cheeked Parrot

Red and Green Macaw

Purple Honeycreeper

Chorisia insignis