Research Title: The Role of Islam in Establishing Peace in the Contemporary World TRANFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE By Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies and Social Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

PEACE IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) In today’s world peace is considered the greatest good or summom bonum. Throughout history man thought of peace as merely the absence of war. Today it is considered much more. The 19 th centuries witnessed organization for peace. The 20 th century saw pacifism established as a discipline and the formation of a supra-regulatory body – the United Nations to strengthen peace. The 21 st century sees peace as a distant dream. “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

Pacifism refers to the making of peace. Many approaches have been forwarded for pacifism. Johan Galtung, the founder of peace and conflict studies, sees pacifism going in three directions absence of organized collective violence, 1 the ideal of the sum total of “all good” values in the world, 2 and peace associated with the fulfillment of certain conditions. 3 The five paradigms to peace being taught in conflict studies courses are: 1. Coercive Power Paradigm 2. World Order Paradigm 3. Conflict Resolution Paradigm 4. Nonviolence Paradigm 5. Transformation Paradigm “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) PACIFIST APPROACHES TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

In the research, The Role of Islam in Establishing Peace in the Contemporary World around thirty paradigms of peace have been grouped into five approaches. These will be analyzed for their results and vis-à-vis the concept of peace in Islam to arrive at approach/s and methodology/s to establish peace in the contemporary world. 1.Ideal Approach to Peace 2.Condition-First Approach to Peace 3.Remove Problem First Approach to Peace 4.Peace-First Approach to Peace 5.Transformation Approach to Peace “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) THE STUDY: ANALYSIS OF PARADIGMS TO PEACE TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

One of the oldest approaches to peace is the ideal approach in which peace is linked to an ideal and endeavours to achieve the ideal is pursued in the name of peace. Universal Good Paradigm 1 Christian Pacifism Paradigm 2 Complete Freedom Paradigm 3 Security Paradigm 4 World-embracing collective security (Bahai) 5 Democracy Paradigm 6 Human Welfare Paradigm 7 “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) I. IDEAL PARADIGM TO PEACE TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

The condition-first approach to peace is when certain conditions are placed for peace such as world government, world order, cooperation, human rights, and even war. Endeavours to realize the condition are pursued in the name of peace. “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) II. CONDITION-FIRST PARADIGM TO PEACE Cooperation Paradigm 1 Globalization Paradigm 2 Isolationism and Non- Interventionism 3 Self-Organized Peace 4 Security First Paradigm 5 Human Rights First Paradigm 6 Justice First Paradigm 7 Development Paradigm 8 Democratic Paradigm 9 Capitalism Peace Theory 10 Economic Norms Theory of Peace 11 Mutual Assured Destruction Approach to Peace 12 War Paradigm to Peace 13 TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

The remove problem-first approach to peace is to consider a problem to be an obstacle to peace and then initiating efforts to remove the problem first in order to achieve peace. Removal of War Paradigm 1 Removal of Direct Violence Paradigm 2 Removal of Indirect Violence Paradigm 3 Satyagraha Approach to Peace 4 Ahimsa Approach to Peace 5 Nuclear Disarmament Paradigm to Peace 6 Removal, Management of Conflict Paradigm to Peace 7 “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) III. REMOVE PROBLEM FIRST PARADIGM TO PEACE TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

The peace-first approach considers peace as the natural state of affairs and a pre-requisite to attain anything positive. As per this approach peace is not linked with anything, it has to be established first, unilaterally. Once peace is established opportunities will present themselves, which when availed will lead to all positive ends. Secular Peace First Paradigm 1 Religious Peace First Paradigm 2 “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) IV. PEACE-FIRST PARADIGM TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

The final approach to peacemaking is the transformation paradigm, which focuses on the centrality of education, cultural change, and spirituality to make peace a reality. In this approach the focus is on the transformation of the individual to the culture of peace who becomes the instrument of broader changes. Meditative Paradigm 1 Buddhist Approach to Peace 2 World Peace Though Inner Means (Hindu Concept) 3 Transformation of the Mind Paradigm 4 “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) V. TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

All approaches agree that in order to achieve peace individuals must first learn to become peaceful or transform themselves toward peace. We will analyze this approach in the light of the secular and religious sources to see how this can help in achieving peace in the contemporary world. “Peaceful behaviour is learned behaviour, and each individual is a potential and needed contributor to a culture of peace” “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) TRANSFORMATION TO THE CULTURE OF PEACE TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

“Change begins with individuals who work to make their dreams come true. We begin by believing that a culture of violence can change to a culture of peace.” – UNESCO Manifesto 2000 for Culture of Peace and Non-Violence “The Culture of Peace is a set of values, attitudes, modes of behaviour and ways of life…” – UNESCO Manifesto 2000 for Culture of Peace and Non-Violence “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) UNESCO’S CULTURE FOR PEACE TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

Individuals are the foundation of society; it is only by changing the individuals that society will change towards the culture of peace. – Institute of Individual and World Peace “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi INDIVIDUAL: TARGET OF THE TRANSFORMATION

"Since wars begin in the minds of men, it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed.” – UNESCOs Preamble “As regards the reformation of human beings, there is only one really important thing and that is, the reformation of the heart. Change people’s hearts (or minds) and their whole life will be changed.” – Sahih Al-Bukhari, No: 50 “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) THE MIND: THE TARGET OF CHANGE TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

The aim of the transformation is man’s positive spiritual development and the turning of each individual into a responsible peaceful citizen of society. “Positive thinking at an individual level is called spirituality; when this positive thinking reaches a collective level in society, it results in what is known as peace.” “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) POSITIVE, SPIRITUAL TRANSFORMATION TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

“Peace is the best option.” – Quran 4:128 Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the sons of God. (Matthew 5: 9) "Hatred is never appeased by hatred; Hatred is only appeased by Love (or, non-enmity). -- Pali Dhammapada, Verse 423 Let there be Peace on Earth,… May the Vedas spread peace everywhere,… And may that peace come to us and remain with us forever. – Yajur Veda “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) RELIGIONS OFFER GUIDELINES FOR PEACE TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

Religions provides man with a set of comprehensive guiding principles to transform oneself positively on spiritual lines. ‘A believer is one who likes for others what he likes for himself.’ – Sahih Al-Bukhari, No:13 Do unto others as you would have them do to you’ - Luke 6:31 “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) COMPREHENSIVE PRINCIPLE FOR TRANSFORMATION TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

Another law of nature is that non-violence is result-oriented, while violence is destruction-oriented. A violent reaction may satisfy one’s emotions, but it cannot be good for constructive goals. Such goals require sustainable effort, which is possible only through non-violent methods. “If we want to reap the harvest of dialogical coexistence in the future, we will have to sow seeds of non-violence.” – M K Gandhi “God grants to non-violence what he does not grant to violence.” – Sahih Muslim, No: 4697 “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) NON-VIOLENCE TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

The transformation paradigm to peace postulates unilateral terms, not bilateral, saying that positivity has to be maintained unilaterally even in the face of negativity from others. “Repel evil with good. And you will find that one who was your enemy will become your dearest friend.” - Quran 23:96 "Love your enemies." - Matthew 5: 44 "One's mind finds no peace; neither enjoys pleasure or delight, nor goes to sleep, nor feels secure while the dart of hatred is stuck in the heart" - Santideva, Bodhicaryavatara, Chapter, 6: verse 2 “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) UNILATERAL TRANSFORMATION TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

Patience is another pre-requisite to transforming oneself towards peace as negative reaction on the part of the individual is the greatest factor responsible for disrupting peace in daily life. The patient man is the helper of God. (61:14) Surely the patient will be paid their wages in full without measure. Al-Quran, 39:10 “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) SABR OR PATIENCE TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

Forgiveness is important in the transformation process as without forgiving one continues to ponder over the negative actions of others. It is only when we are able to forgive others that we are able to go beyond the issue. “One who does not forgive the faults of others will not have His sins be forgiven by God.” – Al-Adabul-Mufrad, No: 137 “...Forgive, and you will be forgiven." Luke 6:37 “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) FORGIVENESS TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

In Islamic terms such a transformation is referred to as tazkia- e-nafs or purification of the self in the Quran. It is given as one of the four responsibilities for which Almighty God sent him. (2:129) Islam not only gives tazkia as a method of transformation but gives al-jannah as the positive motivation to individuals to purify themselves, as mentioned in the Quran: “Gardens of eternity, through which rivers flow - that is the recompense for those who purify themselves.” (20:76) “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) TAZKIA-E-NAFS AND TRANSFORMATION TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

According to Islam for individuals who have been able to transform their personalities on positive lines, based on the universal principles mentioned in the Quran and Sunnah, God has prepared the eternal positive, peaceful world of paradise. It is for such peaceful souls that our most compassionate Lord will say: ‘O soul at peace, return to your Lord, well-pleased and well- pleasing. Join My servants. Enter My Paradise.’ (89: 27-29) “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) AN-NAFSUN-MUTMAINNA TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

The Transformation Paradigm to peacemaking can be used as an effective tool in making individuals transform themselves from the culture of violence to the culture of peace: Using guidelines and motivation given in Islamic, other religious and secular sources. By educating individuals giving the formula, “If you want peace change yourself towards the culture of peace.” For this a sample survey is planned as a part/extension of the research to test the effectiveness of the conclusions. “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) WORKING TOWARDS TRANSFORMATION TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi

السلام عليكم “And God Calls to the Home of Peace.” (The Quran, 10:25) TRANSFORMATION PARADIGM TO PEACE by Naghma Siddiqi, Research Scholar, Department of Islamic Studies, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi I invite all to work towards the culture of peace.