©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Meat and Potatoes SPSS Presented by Terence Peak

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology About This Seminar It is NOT: A Stats Course or a Stats Demo A Set of Complex Regressions, ANOVAs, or Least Square Analyses It will be: An overview of SPSS & Basic instructions on how to get descriptive stats FUN!

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology How We’ll Proceed You have been given An actual UIW survey for freshmen A paper copy of this presentation Freshman Student Satisfaction Survey

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology How We’ll Proceed Talk about the importance of coding data correctly Examine and clean some data Open SPSS and import the data Set up variables Generate some descriptive stats Manipulate the output Do a cross-tab

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Facts about Data Entry Data entry typically given to least paid employee Data typically entered under pressure with no training for the coder Data must be examined for coding errors and validated before analysis

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Establish Coding Scheme What is the purpose of the survey? What kind of questions are being asked? Are the questions categorical or numerical?

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Coding The UIW Freshmen Student Satisfaction Survey Examine the survey Questions IA thru IJ Write above each response a coding value- number 1-6, do not use “0” Name each variable over the question stem, use no more than 8 Letters

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Use these Variable Names: A. Age B. Gender C. Marital D. Ethnic E. Religion F. Campus G. Children H. Work I. Enroll J. Complete

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Coding Open the Excel Spreadsheet “Sample Data Set” Number the survey sheets Fill in the case numbers 1- (Without case numbers, you cannot efficiently clean the data) by using the automatic numbering feature in Excel Save your work

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Examining Data for Coding Errors Excel has a data filtering system that allows easy data examination Click Data Choose Filter Choose Autofilter Drop-down toggles will appear at the head of each data column

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Click on the Age drop-down arrow Coding error: Age has five choices, 1 - 5, Numbers 6 and 34 appear, which are not valid choices Click on the number 6 Excel moves to the row (case) that contains the value 6 Examining Data for Coding Errors

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Examine the Data for Coding Errors Click on the number 6 Excel pops to the row (case) that contains the value 6 This error is from survey number 18. Check survey sheet 18 to confirm the correct value and re-enter the data Replace 6 with 2 Repeat the process to correct the other data error

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Resume Data Validation After correcting all errors, click on the drop down arrow in the Age column again The box will again appear with the value range from the column entries Click All to restore the entire column All values should now be within range

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Validate All Data in the Set Use the drop-down boxes on each column to validate and correct the data. This will validate all data in the data set

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology What Do You Do About A Blank Entry? Blank entries are valid responses The subject may be expressing dissatisfaction with the subject area The subject may not have the experience to be able to answer the question The subject may have simply missed the question for a variety of reasons SPSS will show the number of omissions, which may be a significant trend

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Let’s Open SPSS! (WhooHoo!) Click on Start Click Programs Click SPSS SPSS takes a while to load because it loads several modules to get ready for your stats needs Once loaded, SPSS is quick! DO NOT Close Excel, instead hold down Alt & Tab keys at the same time to toggle between Excel and SPSS

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology The Opening Menu SPSS Defaults to list the last file accessed You can run the tutorial use the data wizard look at saved output from last job We will click Cancel & start a new application

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology The Data View Screen This is the SPSS screen into which data is imported Note that it looks like Excel The columns show variable names The row show cases Click on the Variable View tab

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology The Variable View Screen Type Age as the name of your first variable in the top left cell Hit Enter

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Defining Variables SPSS defaults to automatic variable values that need to be adjusted in line with the coding parameters Click on Numeric drop down box to look at choices

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Defining Variables A drop-down box appears to give choices in the variable definition Reduce Decimal Places to 0 Reduce Width to 1 Click OK

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Defining Variables Width and Decimals have now changed Click in Label block and type in Question IA, “ What is your age?” Click in Values block Click on the Values drop-down box

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Defining Variables The Values Block, will define the survey question responses to each variable Each response will have a value assigned The response values = data set coding

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Defining Variables Click Value Type 1 for first response option in survey Question #IA Tab once to Value Label Type “16-19” Hit Ente r Key Fill in all other values the same way

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Defining Variables When you’re done, your page should look like this Save

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Importing Data Toggle to Excel Select A7-K56 Copy (CTRL + C) the data

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Importing Data Put your cursor in upper left corner, under Age Paste (CTRL+ V) data into SPSS

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Analyzing Data (In terms of Age) Click on Analyze Click on Descriptive Statistics Click on Frequencies

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Analyzing Data- Telling SPSS what You Want Select the first variable Click on arrow in middle of box Age variable label will move into the Variables box Click on Statistics

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Analyzing Data In Frequencies; Statistics Menu Under Central Tendency, click Mean Under Dispersion, click Std deviation Click Continue Click Charts Mean and Standard Deviation work when Age is a real numerical value, not a categorical value

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Analyzing Data In the Frequencies: Charts Menu Under Chart Type, click Bar Charts Under Chart Values, click Percentages Click Continue Click OK. SPSS will now run the data in its processor and switch to the Output page.

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Manipulating The Output Double-click on the bar chart Double-click on the title, to change the title Click on one of the red bars

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Manipulating The Output Click on the crayon in the tool bar Click on the white color block Click Apply Click Close

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Manipulating The Output Select the Format menu Select Apply Chart Template Locate the SPSS Folder Select the chart template UIW Standard Bar Chart Click Open

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Manipulating The Output The chart will change to the format specified in the template You can create chart templates for different audiences “Return to the output page

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Cross tabulations Click Analyze Click Descriptive Statistics Click Crosstabs

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Cross tabulations Set up rows and columns by moving value labels into appropriate boxes Add row and column totals

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Cross tabulations Question: Do older single men tend to live on campus? Move Age to Row Move Gender to Columns Move On or off-campus to Layer Under Percentages choose Row Age Total Click Continue

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Cross tabulations-Output 2 missing cases Results: No males in 27 to 30 age range living on campus

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Conclusions Coding is critical before data analysis or get set for a large measure of frustration… SPSS is fairly intuitive to use SPSS gives the user flexible choices SPSS gives the user flexible choices SPSS output can be manipulated SPSS output can be manipulated

©2004, 2006, 2008 UIW Department of Instructional Technology Questions? Terry Peak