Homework #2 is due 10/17 Bonus #1 is due 10/24 Office hours for this week: W 10-11:30am, 2:30-4:30pm and Th 11am-2pm

Fig 16.1 Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps: DNA packaging Transcription RNA processing and transport RNA degradation Translation Post-translational

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins can change activity Fig 9.21

Ubiquitinization targets proteins for degradation Fig 9.23

All protein interactions in an organism compose the interactome Fig 9.22

Some proteins function in the cytoplasm; others need to be transported to various organelles.

How can proteins be delivered to their appropriate destinations?

Protein Destinations: secretion or membrane

Signal sequences target proteins for secretion Fig 9.24

Translation of secreted proteins

Translation of membrane bound proteins

Translation of secreted or membrane bound proteins This step determines secretion or membrane bound.

Protein Destinations: nucleus Signal anywhere in protein, Translation in cytoplasm, Signal not removed

Protein Destinations: signals in protein determine destination

Fig 16.1 Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps: DNA packaging Transcription RNA processing and transport RNA degradation Translation Post-translational

Development: differentiating cells to become an organism

Cells function differently because they express different genes.

The proper control of gene expression is critical for proper development.

Inverse relationship between smoking and weight: more smoking : less weight

Adults exposed to smoke as fetuses have higher risk of obesity and heart disease

17,000 births studied and checked at age 16 and 33. Fetuses exposed to smoking had increased rate of obesity.

17,000 births studied and checked at age 16 and 33. Fetuses exposed to smoking had increased rate of obesity and more smoking meant more obesity.

17,000 births studied and checked at age 16 and 33. Fetuses exposed to smoking had increased rate of obesity and more smoking meant more obesity. For Mom’s who abstained during pregnancy, no effect on fetus or as adult.

17,000 births studied and checked at age 16 and 33. Fetuses exposed to smoking had increased rate of obesity and more smoking meant more obesity. Smoking during first trimester had same effect as during whole pregnancy.

For diabetes more than 10 cigarettes per day gave a 4 times greater risk of diabetes.

Risk of high blood pressure also increases with increased exposure to fetus of smoking during pregnancy

What is the connection between smoke exposure as a fetus and adult health?

Adults metabolism may react to poor nutrition as fetuses… Adaptation of Thriftiness or Catch Up Growth.

Adults metabolism may react to poor nutrition as fetuses…Adaptation of Thriftiness or Catch Up Growth. Study of babies born during Dutch famine of …

Adults metabolism may react to poor nutrition as fetuses…Adaptation of Thriftiness or Catch Up Growth. Study of babies born during Dutch famine of … 20 years later found that these babies had higher rates of obesity.

Adults metabolism may react to poor nutrition as fetuses…Adaptation of Thriftiness or Catch Up Growth. Study of babies born during Dutch famine of … 20 years later found that these babies had higher rates of obesity. Precise mechanism is not known

What is the connection between smoke exposure as a fetus and adult health?

Why? Nicotine can inhibit hunger and increase energy expenditure. This can lead to poor fetal nutrition.

Why? Nicotine causes constriction of blood vessels, and may limit blood flow to the fetus.

AAL 38.8 Mammalian circulation

Nicotine causes blood vessels to constrict

Why? CO in blood decreases delivery of O 2 to fetus.

Why? These are all indirect affects… Nicotine can inhibit hunger and increase energy expenditure. Nicotine causes constriction of blood vessels, and may limit blood flow to the fetus. CO in blood decreases delivery of O 2 to fetus.

Why? Nicotine and other toxins in smoke may directly affect hormones that direct fetal development.

Why? Nicotine and other toxins in smoke may directly affect hormones that direct fetal development. Including hormones that direct brain development.

So, Smoking during pregnancy may have indirect and/or direct affects on fetal development, and these affects may manifest themselves in adults.