BETON MUTU TINGGI Pertemuan 11 Matakuliah : S0793 – Teknologi Bahan Konstruksi Tahun : 2009 BETON MUTU TINGGI Pertemuan 11

Learning Outcome Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan persyaratan dan tata cara pembuatan beton mutu tinggi Bina Nusantara University

Outline Materi Defenisi Beton Mutu Tinggi Aplikasi Beton Mutu Tinggi Persyaratan Bahan Beton Mutu Tinggi Cara Pembuatan Beton Mutu Tinggi Bina Nusantara University

High Performance Concrete Concrete may be regarded as high performance for several different reasons: high strength, high workability high durability – and perhaps also improved visual appearance. Bina Nusantara University

High Performance Concrete High strength concrete (HSC) might be regarded as concrete with a strength in excess of 60MPa and such concrete can be produced as relatively normal concrete with a higher cement content and a normal water-reducing admixture. However ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) will more usually contain cement replacement materials and a high-range water-reducer (HRWR) or superplasticiser(SP) (different names for the same thing). Bina Nusantara University

Ultra High Strength Concrete How High? Strengths of 150-200MPa were reported in several papers at a recent symposium How is it done? Using only fine sand as an aggregate, a high content of cement and silica fume, a high dosage of HRWR admixture plus steel fibres Bina Nusantara University

Ultra High Strength Concrete In what kind of structures? Thin shell roofing (2cm thick) and “bulb” double and single tees were reported Both insitu and precast applications Flexural and tensile strengths also high, allowing omission of secondary reinft. Concrete in tees was generally self- compacting Bina Nusantara University

Bina Nusantara University

Bina Nusantara University

Overview What is High Performance Concrete? International use of HPC in bridges Use of HPC in Australia Economics of High Strength Concrete HSC in AS 5100 and DR 05252 Case Studies Future developments Recommendations Bina Nusantara University

What is High Performance Concrete? "A high performance concrete is a concrete in which certain characteristics are developed for a particular application and environments: Ease of placement Compaction without segregation Early-age strength Long term mechanical properties Permeability Durability Heat of hydration Toughness Volume stability Long life in severe environments Bina Nusantara University

· “Bridge Views” – http://www.cement.org/bridges/br_newsletter.asp Information on H.P.C. · “Bridge Views” – http://www.cement.org/bridges/br_newsletter.asp · “High-Performance Concretes, a State-of-Art Report (1989-1994)” - http://www.tfhrc.gov/structur/hpc/hpc2/contnt.htm · “A State-of-the-Art Review of High Performance Concrete Structures Built in Canada: 1990-2000” - http://www.cement.org/bridges/SOA_HPC.pdf · “Building a New Generation of Bridges: A Strategic Perspective for the Nation” - http://www.cement.org/hp/ Bina Nusantara University

International Use of H.P.C. Used for particular applications for well over 20 years. First international conference in Norway in 1987 Early developments in Northern Europe; longer span bridges and high rise buildings. More general use became mandatory in some countries in the 1990’s. Actively promoted for short to medium span bridges in N America over the last 10 years. Bina Nusantara University

International Use of H.P.C. Scandinavia Norway Climatic conditions, long coastline, N. Sea oil HPC mandatory since 1989 Widespread use of lightweight concrete Denmark/Sweden Great Belt project Focus on specified requirements France Use of HPC back to 1983 Useage mainly in bridges rather than buildings Joint government/industry group, BHP 2000 70-80 MPa concrete now common in France Bina Nusantara University

International Use of H.P.C. North America HPC history over 30 years Use of HPC in bridges actively encouraged by owner organisation/industry group partnerships. “Lead State” programme, 1996. HPC “Bridge Views” newsletter. Canadian “Centres of Excellence” Programme, 1990 “A State-of-the-Art Review of High Performance Concrete Structures Built in Canada: 1990-2000” Bina Nusantara University

AS 5100 raised maximum strength to 65 MPa Use of H.P.C. in Australia Maximum concrete strength limited to 50 MPa until the introduction of AS 5100. Use of HPC in bridges mainly limited to structures in particularly aggressive environments. AS 5100 raised maximum strength to 65 MPa Recently released draft revision to AS 3600 covers concrete up to 100 MPa INDONESIA? Bina Nusantara University

Economics of High Strength Concrete Bina Nusantara University

Economics of High Strength Concrete Compressive strength at transfer the most significant property, allowable tension at service minor impact. Maximum spans increased up to 45 percent Use of 15.2 mm strand for higher strengths. Strength of the composite deck had little impact. HSC allowed longer spans, fewer girder lines, or shallower sections. Maximum useful strengths: I girders with 12.7 mm strand - 69 MPa I girders with 15.2 mm strand - 83 MPa U girders with 15.2 mm strand - 97 MPa Bina Nusantara University

Economics of High Strength Concrete Bina Nusantara University

Maximum compressive strength; 65 MPa AS 5100 Provisions for HSC Maximum compressive strength; 65 MPa Cl. 1.5.1 - Alternative materials permitted Cl 2.5.2 - 18 MPa fatigue limit on compressive stress - conservative for HSC Cl 6.11 - Part 2 - Deflection limits may become critical Cl 6.1.1 - Tensile strength - may be derived from tests Cl 6.1.7, 6.1.8 - Creep and shrinkage provisions conservative for HSC, but may be derived from test. Bina Nusantara University

AS 5100 and DR 05252 Bina Nusantara University

· Shear strength of concrete capped at Grade 65. AS 5100 and DR 05252 Main Changes: Changes to the concrete stress block parameters for ultimate moment capacity to allow for higher strength grades. · More detailed calculation of shrinkage and creep deformations, allowing advantage to be taken of the better performance of higher strength concrete · Shear strength of concrete capped at Grade 65. · Minimum reinforcement requirements revised for higher strength grades. · Over-conservative requirement for minimum steel area in tensile zones removed. Bina Nusantara University

Concrete strength: 50 MPa to 100 MPa Case Studies Concrete strength: 50 MPa to 100 MPa Maximum spans for typical 3 lane Super-T girder bridge with M1600 loading Standard Type 1 to Type 5 girders Type 4 girder modified to allow higher pre-stress force: · Increase bottom flange width by 200 mm (Type 4A) · Increase bottom flange depth by 50 mm (Type 4B) · Increase bottom flange depth by 100 mm (Type 4C) Bina Nusantara University

· Compressive strength at transfer = 0.7f’c. Case Studies · Compressive strength at transfer = 0.7f’c. · Steam curing applied (hence strand relaxation applied at time of transfer) · Strand stressed to 80% specified tensile strength. · Creep, shrinkage, and temperature stresses in accordance with AS 5100. · In-situ concrete 40 MPa, 160 mm thick in all cases. · Assumed girder spacing = 2.7 m. Bina Nusantara University

Case Studies Bina Nusantara University

Bina Nusantara University

Bina Nusantara University

Grade 65 concrete with standard girders. Case Studies - Summary · Significant savings in concrete quantities and/or construction depth. Grade 65 concrete with standard girders. Grade 80 concrete with modified girders and Type 1 and 2 standard girders. More substantial changes to beam cross section and method of construction required for effective use of Grade 100 concrete. Bina Nusantara University

Strength-weight ratio becomes comparable to steel: Future Developments Strength-weight ratio becomes comparable to steel: Bina Nusantara University

Future Developments Bina Nusantara University

Improved durability the original motivation for HPC use. Summary · Clear correlation between government/industry initiatives and useage of HPC in the bridge market. Improved durability the original motivation for HPC use. Studies show direct economic benefits. HPC usage in Australia limited by code restrictions. Bina Nusantara University

Recommendations · 65 MPa to be considered the standard concrete grade for use in precast pre-tensioned bridge girders and post tensioned bridge decks. · The use of 80-100 MPa concrete to be considered where significant benefit can be shown. · AS 5100 to be revised to allow strength grades up to 100 MPa as soon as possible. · Optimisation of standard Super-T bridge girders for higher strength grades to be investigated. · Investigation of higher strength grades for bridge deck slabs, using membrane action to achieve greater spans and/or reduced slab depth. Bina Nusantara University

Review of international best practice Recommendations · Active promotion of the use of high performance concrete by government and industry bodies: Review of international best practice Review and revision of specifications and standards Education of designers, precasters and contractors Collect and share experience Bina Nusantara University

Pembuatan Beton Mutu Tinggi Faktor yang perlu diperhatikan: Faktor Air Semen (semakin rendah, kekuatan beton semakin tinggi menyebabkan kesulitan pada pengerjaan). Kualitas Agregat Halus (agregat berbentuk bulat mempunyai rongga udara minimum 33% lebih kecil dari rongga udara yang dipunyai agregat berbentuk lainnya) Kualitas Agregat Kasar (pemilihan agregat kasar dengan porositas rendah, butir maksimum, gradasi yang baik) Bahan tambahan (water reducing, super fly ash) Kontrol kualitas (pengambilan sample, pengujian, proses penakaran) Bina Nusantara University