Fifty Years of Japanese HPC ─From transistor to Exascale─ Yoshio Oyanagi Education Center for Computational Sciences Kobe University 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC Outline of my talk Historical overview of HPC in Japan, as contrasted to US, Europe, China, ….. What is the difference between Japan and US trends? In Japan, big electronic companies manufactured vector and parallel supercomputers besides main frames. In US, venture companies were active in vector (Cray, Convex etc.) as well as parallel (TMC, FPS, Meiko, nCUBE, KSR, ….) machines. 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC “50 Years of HPC” A Column in HPCwire Japan (Since July, 2014. Updated every Monday.) http://www.hpcwire.jp (Sorry in Japanese) 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC 1960’s in Japan OKITAC-5090 (1961) Transistors + Diodes + core memory Floating point (decimal 10+2) Add/sub 0.4 ms Mult 4.9 ms (peak 0.4 kFlops) Not very high performance !! http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/computer/dawn/0037.html 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC 1960’s in US CDC6600 IBM System/360 4 Mflops (peak) Contract with DARPA for the ILLIAC IV Pictures from Wikipedia 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC 1960’s Japan USA FACOM 270 HITAC 5020, 8000 TOSBAC 3400 NEAC 2200 MELCOM 3100, 9100 OUK 9400 FACOM 230-60 IBM 360 model 91 (1967) IBM 360 model 85 (1968) Intel founded (1968) IBM 2938 array proc. (1969) CDC7600 (1969) AMD founded (1969) 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Primordial Ages(1970’s) Japan USA/Europe 1970 FACOM 230-75 1977 FACOM 230-75 APU 1978 HITAC M-180 IAP 1978 PAX project started 1979 HITAC M-200H IAP 1979 MELCOM COSMOIII IAP 1981 MITI Supercomputer Project started(～89) (green: parallel architecture) 1970 IBM System/370 1971 CDC STAR-100 announced 1972 Goodyear STARAN 1974 DAP, BSP and HEP started 1975 ILLIAC IV operational 1976 Cray-1 shipped to LLNL 1976 FPS AP-120B 1977 Siemens SMS-201 1979 HEP single processor operational (red: vector architecture) 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Characteristics of Japanese vectors 1. Japanese vector processors only a couple of years after Cray-1. 2. Manufactured by main-frame vendors with semiconductor facilities (not ventures) Vector processors are attached to mainframes 3. FACOM 230-75 APU (first Japanese vector) a) CPU and APU share the main memory (1 MW×36bits) Heterogeneous architecture b) Vector register of 1792 words c) list vector and DO-loop with IF supported d) 22 Mflops (single), 11 Mflops (double) e) installed in NAL in August 1977 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Characteristics of Japanese vectors 4. HITAC IAP (1978-) a) memory-to-memory (no vector registers) b) summation, inner product and 1st order recurrence could be vectorized in FORTRAN c) vectorization of loops with IF’s (M280) d) M-200H IAP (1979): 48 Mflops, M-280H IAP (1982): 67 MFlops 5. NEC ACOS 1000 IAP (1982) a) 36 bit machine b) peak 28 MFlops 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

1st Generation (1H of 1980’s) Japan US/others 1980 PAX-32 1981 MITI Supercomputer Project (～89) 1982 Fifth Generation Project (～92) 1982 NEC ACOS-1000 IAP 1982 HITAC M280H IAP 1983 HITAC S-810/20 (630 MF) 1983 FACOM VP-200 1984 PAX-64J 1985 FACOM VP-400 (1.142 GF) 1985 NEC SX-2 (1.3 GF) 1981 CDC Cyber 205 1982 Cosmic Cube Project 1982 Cray X-MP/2 (420 MF) 1982 Alliant FX/8 delivered 1982 HEP installed 1983 Encore, Sequent and TMC founded, 1983 ETA span off from CDC 1984 Cray X-MP/4 (820 MF) 1984 Legend group in China started 1985 Convex C1 1985 Intel iPSC/1, T414, nCUBE/1, Stellar, Ardent 1985 Cray-2 (1.952 GF) 1986 CM-1 shipped 1986 FPS T-series 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Characteristics of Japanese SC in the 1st Generation 1. Compatibility with the mainframes 2. Single processor with multiple pipes 3. Large main memory (256MB vs. X-MP 32MB) 4. Large vector registers 5. List-directed vector instructions (gather/scat) 6. Different control of vector units 7. No commercial parallel machines 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Characteristics of Japanese SC’s in the 1st Generation 8. Aggressive installation of SC’s in universities and laboratories 7 SC centers open to all university people Laboratory SC’s for physics, chemistry, … In US, most SC’s are in DOE, DOD, NASA, not available for university researchers Lax Report (1982) 5 NSF centers in 1985-6 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Characteristics of Japanese SC’s in the 1st Generation 9. MITI Supercomputer Project (1981-89fy) Started before the Japanese supers (S810, VP, SX) Targets: 10 GFlops parallel vector machine (PHI), Dataflow machine (sigma-1) Josephson device, MPP etc. In alliance with six companies 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

2nd Generation (2H of 1980’s) Japan US and Europe etc. 1986 “863” Plan in China 1986 Manheim Supercomputer seminar (→ISC) 1987 ETA-10 (10 GF) 1987 CM-2 1988 Cray Y-MP (2.66 GF) 1988 Intel ipsc/2 1988 First Supercomputing Conference in Orlando 1989 ETA shut down, JvN SC shut down 1989 BBN TC2000, Myrias SPS-2, Meiko CS, NCube2 1990 Intel ipsc/860, MasPar MP-1 1987 HITAC S-820 (3 GF) 1989 FACOM VP2600 (5 GF) 1990 MITI Supercomputer Project ended 1990 NEC SX-3 (22 GF) 1990 QCDPAX completed 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Characteristics of Japanese SC in the 2nd Generation 1. Vector multiprocessor appeared in Japan with modest multiplicity 2-4 vs. 8 (Y-MP, ETA) 2. The semiconductor technology developed for the vector is transferred to mainframes (Used to be: mainframe→vector) 3. Still no commercial MPP’s in Japan, although parallel research was active in academia 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Installation of SC’s in Japan (1987-8) Cray Research (Cray-1, X-MP):10 ETA (ETA-10): 1 Hitachi (S810):15 NEC (SX-1/2):7 Fujitsu (VP-50, 100, 200, 400):36 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

US-Japan Trade Conflicts 1985/9: Plaza Accord (G5) 1985: SX-2 was cancelled by NCAR after bidding 1986/9: US-Japan Semiconductor Agreement 1987: Japanese SC was cancelled by MIT after bidding 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC Super 301 Act In 1989, US government decided to apply “Super 301 Act” (Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988) to Japan and identified three items including supercomputers. Washington threatened Japanese governmental institutions to purchase US supercomputers. (Titech ETA10, ETL X-MP) On the other hand, US governmental institutions had no Japanese supercomputers at all. 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

3rd Generation (1H of 1990’s) Japan USA/Europe 1992 RWCP started 1992 CP-PACS started 1993 Fujitsu NWT 1993 Fujitsu VPP500 1993 HITAC S-3800 (32 GF) 1993 NEC Cenju-3 1994 Fujitsu AP1000 1995 NEC SX-4 1990 MasPar MP-1 1990 Intel iPSC/860 1991 HPCC started (-96) 1991 Cray Y-MP C90 (16 GF) 1991 Intel Paragon, TMC CM-5 1992 FPS bankrupt 1992 MasPar MP-2 1993 Top500 started 1993 HPCN started (～2001) 1993 Cray T3D, CS6400, nCUBE2, KSR1 1993 SSI shut down 1993 IBM SP-1 1993 Cray-3 1994 SP-2 1994 TMC, KSR Chapter 11 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Characteristics of Japanese SC in the 3rd Generation Drastic changes in Japanese vectors 1. Hitachi (S3800) Shared memory vector parallel processor using ECL technology 2. Fujitsu (VPP500) Distributed memory vector parallel proc. using GaAs as well as silicon tech. 3. NEC (SX-3) Cluster of shared memory vector parallel Unix as host OS 4. No action to “Attack of killer micros.”(SC90) ◆ Commercial MPPs, sold as a parallel testbed 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Trends in US (1st half of 1990’s) Active vector machines: Cray Y-MP, C90 and Convex C2 MPP: Performance of COTS CPU’s was increasing drastically custom CPU → commodity CPU chips ventures company → big companies (IBM, Cray, Intel) Strong national initiative: HPCC, NII, HPC Act 1991 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC HPCC in US Blue Book (1991/2, G.W.Bush) “Grand Challenges: High Performance Computing and Communications” The High Performance Computing Act of 1991 Trade conflicts: “Japan should buy more US supers” (M. Kantor, 1993/4) Otherwise, possible retaliation. 6 out of 11 in public sector bought US machines in the 1994 supplementary budget. In Europe, Rubbia Report (1991/1) European Teraflop Initiative 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

4th Generation (2H of 1990’s) Japan USA/Europe/China 1995 DOE: ASCI started 1995 Cray T90 (57.6 GF) 1995 Cray Computer bankrupt 1996 Dawning in China started 1996 Cray T3E 1996 Cray Research merged into SGI 1996/10 Serymour died 1996 nCUBE merged into Oracle 1996 MasPar went out of HPC 1997 ASCI Red (Intel) 1997 NSF: NPACI started 1998 Cray SV1 1998 ASCI Blue Pacific (IBM) 1998 ASCI Blue Mountain (SGI) 1995 Fujitsu VPP300 1996 cp-pacs completed 1996 Hitachi SR2201 1996 Fujitsu VPP700 1996 Fujitsu AP3000 1997 NEC Cenju-4 1998 Hitachi SR8000 1998 NEC SX-5 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Characteristics of Japanese SC in the 4th G. 1. Fujitsu and NEC seem to follow the line of conventional vector supercomputers in CMOS Fujitsu: distributed memory NEC: cluster of shared memory nodes 2. Hitachi adopted RISC (pseudo)vector architecture. SR2201: sliding window (proposed by Tsukuba) SR8000: 8 tightly coupled CPUs in one node (self-developed CPU with Power architecture) 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC US Trends ASCI Project (originally 1995-2004) SC’s in LANL, LLNL, SNL Red (1+), Blue (3+), White (10+), Q(30+), Purple (100+) --- every 2 years PITAC (I:1997-2001, II: 2003-2005) IT2 project NPACI (1997-2004) Petaflops I in Pasadena (1994) Petaflops II in Santa Barbara (1999) 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC NCAR Procurement 1996/5/20 UCAR selected SX-4 for NCAR finalists were C90, SX-4, VPP700 Criticism by Cray and Obey Tax from US people should be used for US competitiveness NEC (and Fujitsu) was dumping 1996/7/29 Cray filed an apeal to DoC and ITC for dumping 1997 454% anti-dumping customs to NEC supercomputers 388.7% to Fujitsu 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC Japanese machines in Top 20 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifth Generation (1H of 2000) Japan US/Europe 2000: Tera became Cray 2000: SGI: Origin 3000 2000: ASCI White (LLNL, IBM) 12 TF 2001: NSF: TeraGrid stared 2002: ASCI Q (LANL, HP) 20TF 2002: DOD: HPCS started 2002: Cray (NEC) SX-6 to ARSC 2004: NASA Columbia (SGI) 64TF 2004: BlueGene/L at IBM 90TF 2004: “The Path to Extreme Computing” conf. (to Exa) 2005: BlueGene/L (360TF) 2005: ASCI Red Storm (SNL) Cray XT3/XT4 2001: NEC: anti-dumping customs cleared 2001: Fujitsu PRIMEPOWER 2000 2001: NEC SX-6 2002: Earth Simulator 40TF 2002: Fujitsu PRIMEPOWER HPC2500 2003: NEC SX-7 2004: NEC SX-8 2004: Hitachi SR11000 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC Japan Trends NEC kept making vector machines after the Earth Simulator Fujitsu: PRIMEPOWER (Sparc) and PRIMERGFY (x86) Hitachi: OEM of IBM servers. SR11000 (Power4+, 6.8 GF/CPU) NAREGI (2003-8): Grid project 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC Japan Trends IT Strategic Headquarter (2001): e-Japan, but only network was emphasized. At this stage, level up of supercomputers was to be promoted according to the needs of each field (not a national project). Earth Simulator attained 36 Tflops (2002) Information Science and Technology committee in Mext has been discussing the measures to promote computational science and technology since August 2004. 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Japanese machines in top 20 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC US Trends DOE: ASCI continues BlueGene and Red Storm added NSF: Teragrid (2001-10) DOD: HPCS (High Productivity Computing Systems) 2002: Phase I (IBM, Cray, Sun, HP, SGI) 2003: Phase II (Cray, IBM, Sun) 2006: Phase III (Cray: XC, IBM: PERCS) HEC Revitalization Act of 2004 and 2005 Exa started in “The Path to Extreme Computing” in Santa Fe (2004/10) 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Sixth Generation (2H of 2000 and later) Japan US/Europe/China 2006-12: K Computer P. 2011: 10 PF attained 2006: T2K open SC 2008: installed in 3 univ. 2006: TSUBAME 1.0 2010: TSUBAME 2.0 2009: Fujitsu fx-1 to JAXA Cray XT/XE/XC 2005: ASCI Purple (LLNL, IBM) 2006: Rangers (TACC) 2007: NCSA, BlueWaters started (IBM→2011 Cray) 2007: Kraken (Tennessee) 2008: Roadrunner (LANL) 2010: Tianhe-1A (NUDT) 2010: PRACE started 2011: NSF, SXEDE 2013 America COMPETES Act 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

History of the K Computer Recommendation to a Mext committee (2005): Promote a national project to construct a leading edge supercomputer Government decision (July 25, 2005) Riken started the project (October 2005) Mext funded four projects to promote “Element Technologies for Future Supercomputers” in 2005-2007. $40M per year (in total) Four groups were accepted System Interconnect (Kyushu U and Fujitsu) Interconnect by IP (U of Tokyo, Keio U etc) Low Power Device and Circuits (Hitachi, U of Tokyo, U of Tsukuba) Optical Connection of CPU and Memory (NEC and Titech) 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

History of the K Computer 2005: Proposed architectures and killer applications 2007: Hybrid machine with vector and scalar 2009: Five strategic application fields defined 2009: Withdrawal of vector machine 2009: the Government Revitalization Unit proposed to shutdown the Next Generation Supercomputer Project (Nov. 13, 2009) 2009: HPCI started (High Performance Computing Infrastructure, alliance of supercomputer centers and users) 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC Original Proposal Scalar computer Large scale processing Special-purpose computer 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC Friday, November 13, 2009 The 3rd WG of the Government Revitalization Unit “Why should it be No.1 in the world?” “Is No.2 not enough?” Vote： Abolish １ Postpone ６ Budget shrink ５ Conclusion Freeze the project! ←村田(謝) 蓮舫(Hsieh Lien Fang) Picture from www.rehabilitate.jp 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC No.1 in the world 8.162 Pflops attained using 80% of the systemーNo.1 in the Top500 (ISC2011) June 20, 2011 10.51 Pflops in SC2011 (Seattle) Open to users: September 2012 1st period: 2012/9 to 2014/3 2nd period: 2014/4 to 2015/3 RIST is to manage K Computer users (Research Organization for Information Science & Technology) 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

What’s next? Toward EXA FLOPS!! Preliminary consideration among scientists (In US, since 2004) Mext started a WG for future HPC (April 2011) Hardware-System Software-Application co-design is important. Should be science-driven. We identified possible break throughts in science and technology. Social needs are also considered. Linpack Exaflops is not our target. Limitation by budget, power, …. Several different architectures are considered. 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC Architecture Application Algorithm 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC Two subgroups worked Application Subgroup Application Numerical library Algorithm Automatic tuning System Subgroup CPU and architecture Compiler System software Final Report in March 2012 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Memory and memory bandwidth Big technical issue ES SoC Large B/Flop Small system K standard 0.1 Small B/Flops Large B/Flops 0.1 GPU Small B/Flop 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

WG for Future HPCI Policy 2012/4～2014/3 (25 meetings) 26 members, Chair: Oyanagi Recommendations Hierarchical deployment of supercomputers Leading machines: Flagship system and its complementary systems Flagship: “exascale” machine toward 2020 Support to users, especially industry users 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Complementary systems to the flagship Flagship system Leading systems Allocated thru HPCI Complementary systems to the flagship Universities and laboratories 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Development plans of exascale machines in the world (preliminary) 　　基本設計　　　　　　　試作・詳細設計　　　　　製造（量産）　設置・調整　　　　運用 エクサ向けアプリケーション開発・利用 システム・ノード設計　　　　実験機　　　　　　　　　　　システム製造・設置 Ｐ環境設計　P環境構築　　　　　　↓アプリ開発開始　　　　　　　　　　　　↓P環境更新　　　 8th Framework Program (FP8) Horizon 2020 第12次5カ年計画　　　　　↓100 PF　　　　　　　　　　第13次5カ年計画 1 EF ↓ 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

9 Key topics for the post-K (Komiyama Committee) Healthy longevity Innovative drug design Integrated computational bioscience Disaster mitigation and environment Earthquake and tsunami Advanced prediction of climate and environment 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

9 Key topics for the post-K Energy problem 5. New technology for energy production, storage and usage 6. Innovative clean energy system Industry competitiveness 7. New functional devices and materials 8. Innovative design and manufacturing Basic science 9. Fundamental law and evolution of the universe 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Observation of Japanese HPC (1/3) Japan has manufactured vector supercomputers since 1977 Japanese vector computers were designed as an extension of main frames. In the early stage, development cost was amortized among mainframes (US-Japan conflicts). Stress of easiness of use (compilers and tools) Very good vectorizing compilers. Users exploited the power of vectorization. Users were spoiled by them. Application software development not enough. 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Observation of Japanese HPC (2/3) Until late 1990’s, Japanese vendors focused on vector machines. Late entry to parallel architectures. Vendors thought parallel machines were for specialized purposes (eg. image processing). Most users dared not try to harness parallel machines in the 80’s. Users found difficulties in using message passing. Some computer scientists were interested in building parallel machines, but they were not used for practical scientific computing. 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Observation of Japanese HPC (3/3) Practical parallel processing for scientific computing was started by application users: QCDPAX, NWT, CP-PACS, GRAPE’s, ES. After the K Computer, parallel users increased not only in academia but also in industry We must prepare for the post-K exascale. Hierarchical deployment Home development Co-design, Science-driven 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC

Fifty years of Japanese HPC Thank you for your attention 2017/4/14 Fifty years of Japanese HPC