INSTITUTE OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCES INSTITUTE OF METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCES Krakow, Reymonta 25 St. tel: (+48 12) , , fax: (+48 12) www: htp:// LABORATORY OF MULTILAYER MATERIALS Photovoltaic Group Kozy, Krakowska 22 St. tel/fax.: (+48 33)

LABORATORY OF MULTILAYER MATERIALS Head of the laboratory: Prof. Andrzej Pawłowski Ph. D. D. Sc. Eng Scientific manager of the photovoltaic group: Paweł Zięba Ph. D. D. Sc. Eng. Scientific staff: Marek Lipiński Ph.D, Piotr Panek M.Sc. Zbigniew Świątek Ph.D., Elżbieta Jankowska

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES Photovoltaic Laboratory in Kozy Two Infra-red (IR) belt furnaces (RTC type LA-310) The industrial furnace for diffusion and heat treatment processes The semiautomatic screen-printer The four-point resistive probe The measuring system for I-V solar cells characteristics The monochromator Jobin-Yvon H20 IR

RESEARCH TECHNIQUES Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science in Cracow Complex structure certificated examinations in conformance with standard ISO Quality System on: Instron mechanical testing machine: XRD Philips diffractometer TEM Philips CM20 with EDAX EDX system SEM Philips XL30 with LINK ISIS EDX system and ESEM Philips with EBSD system for imaging orientation microscopy Spectrometer Jobin Yvon Glow Discharge JY Full equipment for sample preparation including jet electropolishing unit, dimpler, GATAN ion beam thinner

PHOTOVOLTAIC LABORATORY in Kozy Twenty five years experience in R&D of silicon solar cells First Si solar cell in Poland (1977) Texturization Diffususion Passivation Antireflection Layers Porous Silicon SiN x, TiO x Metallization by Screen Printing

Texturization of mono- and multi-Si wafers SEM micrograph of mono-Si wafer textured with a KOH solution. SEM micrograph of an acid textured multi-Si wafer.

CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS Project: Elaboration of high efficiency monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon solar cell, part of the grant PBZ KBN 05/T11/98 Development of Photovoltaics to Produce Electricity in Poland ( ) Solar cell I sc (A) V oc (mV) FF % E ff (%) Cz-Si TiO x Cz- Si SiN x mc-Si SiN x Electrical parameters of solar cells 100 cm 2

CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS Joint Project with the Laboratoire de Chimie Metallurgique des Terres Rares Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, (No. 9521): Application of Porous Silicon to Silicon Solar Cells, ( ). State Committee for Scientific Research Project (No. 5.6/2002): Influence of the Surface and Near-Surface Structure (Porous Silicon) on the Properties of Si – Base Semiconductors. Solar cellI sc (A) V oc (mV) FF (%) E ff (%) mc-Si Electrical parameters of mc- Si solar cell with PSi ARC

PHOTOVOLTAIC LABORATORY IN KOZY Infrared Furnace Systems LA-310 RTC for diffusion Infrared Furnace Systems LA-310 RTC for metallization

PHOTOVOLTAIC LABORATORY IN KOZY Semiautomatic screen-printer de Haart POCl 3 diffusion and thermal passivation Furnace System

PHOTOVOLTAIC LABORATORY IN KOZY I-V solar cells characteristics system Four-point resistivity probe

PHOTOVOLTAIC LABORATORY IN KOZY I-V characteritsic of monocrystalline Si solar cell with SiN x ARC I-V characteristic of mc- Si solar cell with SiN x ARC

1. M. Lipiński, P. Panek, E. Bielańska, E. Węgłowska, H. Czternastek, Influence of the Porous Silicon on the Parametres of Silicon Solar Cells, Opto-Electr. Rev. 8, (2000) P. Panek, M. Lipiński, H. Czternastek, Porous Silicon Layer as Antireflection Coating in Solar Cells, Opto-Electr.Rev.8, (2000) M. Lipiński, P. Panek, Porous Silicon Layers in Solar Cells by Using a Simple and Useful Process, Proc. of 16 th European Photovoltaic Sol. Energy Con. and Exhibition, Glasgow, 2000, E. Beltowska-Lehman, Z. Swiatek, M. Lipinski, P. Panek, T. Zdanowicz, F. Krok, R. Ciach The Influence of Surface Modification on Optoelectronic Properties of Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells, Proc. of the 28 th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, September 2000, Anchorage - Alaska, M. Lipiński, P. Panek, Z. Świątek, E. Bełtowska, R. Ciach Double porous silicon layer on multi-crystalline Si for photovoltaic application, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 72, (2002) V.Y Yerokhov, M. Lipiński, R. Ciach, H. Nagel, A. Mylyanych, P. Panek, Cost-effective methods of texturing for silicon solar cells, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 72, (2002) M. Lipiński,, P. Panek, S. Bastide, C. Lévy-Clément Porous Silicon Antireflection Coating By Electrochemical and Chemical Methods For Silicon Solar Cells Manufacturing, Mat. of the 3d International Conf. Puerto de la Cruz, March, 2002, Porous Semiconductors-Science and Technology, M. Lipiński, P. Panek, E. Bielańska, E. Węgłowska, H. Czternastek, Influence of the Porous Silicon on the Parametres of Silicon Solar Cells, Opto-Electr. Rev. 8, (2000) P. Panek, M. Lipiński, H. Czternastek, Porous Silicon Layer as Antireflection Coating in Solar Cells, Opto-Electr.Rev.8, (2000) M. Lipiński, P. Panek, Porous Silicon Layers in Solar Cells by Using a Simple and Useful Process, Proc. of 16 th European Photovoltaic Sol. Energy Con. and Exhibition, Glasgow, 2000, E. Beltowska-Lehman, Z. Swiatek, M. Lipinski, P. Panek, T. Zdanowicz, F. Krok, R. Ciach The Influence of Surface Modification on Optoelectronic Properties of Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells, Proc. of the 28 th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, September 2000, Anchorage - Alaska, M. Lipiński, P. Panek, Z. Świątek, E. Bełtowska, R. Ciach Double porous silicon layer on multi-crystalline Si for photovoltaic application, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 72, (2002) V.Y Yerokhov, M. Lipiński, R. Ciach, H. Nagel, A. Mylyanych, P. Panek, Cost-effective methods of texturing for silicon solar cells, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 72, (2002) M. Lipiński,, P. Panek, S. Bastide, C. Lévy-Clément Porous Silicon Antireflection Coating By Electrochemical and Chemical Methods For Silicon Solar Cells Manufacturing, Mat. of the 3d International Conf. Puerto de la Cruz, March, 2002, Porous Semiconductors-Science and Technology, RECENT PUBLICATIONS

1. V. Yerokhov, M. Lipiński, A. Mylyanych, P. Panek, O.Kovaliov Cost – Effective Porous Silicon Technology For Solar Cells Industrial Application, Mat. of the 3d International Conf. Puerto de la Cruz, March, 2002, Porous Semiconductors-Science and Technology, M. Lipiński, P. Panek, E. Bełtowska, V.Y Yerokhov Investigation of Macroporous Layer by Chemical Etching for Silicon Solar Cell Manufacturing, Proc. of the 17 th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, Germany, October 2002, 1786 – P. Panek, M. Lipiński Infrared Processing For Multicrystalline Solar Cells, Proc.of the 17 th European photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, Germany, October 2002, V.Y Yerokhov, R. Hezel, M. Lipiński, H. Nagel, A. Mylyanych, P. Panek, Cost-Effective Porous Silicon Technology For Solar Cells Industrial Application, 17 th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, Germany, October 2001, M. Lipiński, Stan Fotowoltaiki w Świetle Prowadzonych Badań na Świecie, VIII Konferencja Naukowo-Techniczna, Ogólnopolskie Forum Odnawialnych Źródeł Energii, Warszawa , M. Lipiński,, P. Panek, S. Bastide, C. Lévy-Clément, Porous Silicon Antireflection Coating by Electrochemical and Chemical Methods for Silicon Solar Cells Manufacturing, Physica Status Solidi (2002), in print. 1. V. Yerokhov, M. Lipiński, A. Mylyanych, P. Panek, O.Kovaliov Cost – Effective Porous Silicon Technology For Solar Cells Industrial Application, Mat. of the 3d International Conf. Puerto de la Cruz, March, 2002, Porous Semiconductors-Science and Technology, M. Lipiński, P. Panek, E. Bełtowska, V.Y Yerokhov Investigation of Macroporous Layer by Chemical Etching for Silicon Solar Cell Manufacturing, Proc. of the 17 th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, Germany, October 2002, 1786 – P. Panek, M. Lipiński Infrared Processing For Multicrystalline Solar Cells, Proc.of the 17 th European photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, Germany, October 2002, V.Y Yerokhov, R. Hezel, M. Lipiński, H. Nagel, A. Mylyanych, P. Panek, Cost-Effective Porous Silicon Technology For Solar Cells Industrial Application, 17 th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Munich, Germany, October 2001, M. Lipiński, Stan Fotowoltaiki w Świetle Prowadzonych Badań na Świecie, VIII Konferencja Naukowo-Techniczna, Ogólnopolskie Forum Odnawialnych Źródeł Energii, Warszawa , M. Lipiński,, P. Panek, S. Bastide, C. Lévy-Clément, Porous Silicon Antireflection Coating by Electrochemical and Chemical Methods for Silicon Solar Cells Manufacturing, Physica Status Solidi (2002), in print. RECENT PUBLICATIONS