Chapter 41 Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry Chapter 4

2 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)  2H 2 O(g) Chemical Equations

Chapter 43 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)  2H 2 O(g) The materials you start with are called Reactants. Chemical Equations

Chapter 44 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)  2H 2 O(g) The materials you start with are called Reactants. The materials you make are called Products. Chemical Equations

Chapter 45 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)  2H 2 O(g) The materials you start with are called Reactants. The materials you make are called Products. The numbers in front of the compounds (H 2 and H 2 O) are called stoichiometric coefficients. –Coefficients are multipliers, in this equation 2 in front of the H 2 indicates that there are 2 molecules of H 2 in the equation. Chemical Equations

Chapter 46 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)  2H 2 O(g) Notice that the number of hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms on the reactant side and the product side is equal. Law of Conservation of Mass Matter cannot be created or lost in any chemical reaction. Chemical Equations

Chapter 47 Balancing Chemical Reactions ___NH 4 NO 3 (s)  ___N 2 O(g) + ___H 2 O(g) Chemical Equations

Chapter 48 Balancing Chemical Reactions ___NH 4 NO 3 (s)  ___N 2 O(g) + ___H 2 O(g) Chemical Equations ReactantsProducts N2N2 H4H2 O3O2

Chapter 49 Balancing Chemical Reactions ___NH 4 NO 3 (s)  ___N 2 O(g) + _2_H 2 O(g) Chemical Equations ReactantsProducts N2N2 H4H2 4 O3O2 32 3

Chapter 410 Balancing Chemical Reactions ___Mg 3 N 2 (s) + ___H 2 O(l)  ___Mg(OH) 2 (s) + ___NH 3 (aq) Chemical Equations ReactantsProducts Mg3 1 N2N1 H2H5 O1O2

Chapter 411 Balancing Chemical Reactions ___Mg 3 N 2 (s) + ___H 2 O(l)  _3_Mg(OH) 2 (s) + ___NH 3 (aq) Chemical Equations ReactantsProducts Mg3 1 3 N2N1 H2H5 9 O1O2 6

Chapter 412 Balancing Chemical Reactions ___Mg 3 N 2 (s) + ___H 2 O(l)  _3_Mg(OH) 2 (s) + _2_NH 3 (aq) Chemical Equations ReactantsProducts Mg3 1 3 N2N1 2 H2H O1O2 6

Chapter 413 Balancing Chemical Reactions ___Mg 3 N 2 (s) + _6_H 2 O(l)  _3_Mg(OH) 2 (s) + _2_NH 3 (aq) Chemical Equations ReactantsProducts Mg3 1 3 N2N1 2 H2 12H O1 6O2 6

Chapter H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)  2 H 2 O(g) The coefficients in a balanced equation represent both the number of molecules and the number of moles in a reaction. The coefficients can also be used to derive ratios between any two substances in the chemical reaction. 2 H 2 : 1 O 2 2 H 2 : 2 H 2 O 1 O 2 : 2 H 2 O Quantitative Information The ratios can be used to predict The amount of product formed The amount of reactant needed

Chapter 415 Quantitative Information

Chapter 416 Quantitative Information 2 C 4 H 10 (l) + 13 O 2 (g)  8 CO 2 (g) + 10 H 2 O(g) How many grams of CO 2 are formed if 1.00g of butane (C 4 H 10 ) is allowed to react with excess oxygen?

Chapter 417 Quantitative Information 2 C 4 H 10 (l) + 13 O 2 (g)  8 CO 2 (g) + 10 H 2 O(g) How many grams of CO 2 are formed if 1.00g of butane (C 4 H 10 ) is allowed to react with excess oxygen? 1.Moles of C 4 H 10 F.W g

Chapter 418 Quantitative Information 2 C 4 H 10 (l) + 13 O 2 (g)  8 CO 2 (g) + 10 H 2 O(g) How many grams of CO 2 are formed if 1.00g of butane (C 4 H 10 ) is allowed to react with excess oxygen? 1.Moles of C 4 H 10 F.W g

Chapter 419 Quantitative Information 2 C 4 H 10 (l) + 13 O 2 (g)  8 CO 2 (g) + 10 H 2 O(g) How many grams of CO 2 are formed if 1.00g of butane (C 4 H 10 ) is allowed to react with excess oxygen? 2.Ratio of C 4 H 10 :CO 2 2 C 4 H 10 : 8 CO 2 or

Chapter 420 Quantitative Information 2 C 4 H 10 (l) + 13 O 2 (g)  8 CO 2 (g) + 10 H 2 O(g) How many grams of CO 2 are formed if 1.00g of butane (C 4 H 10 ) is allowed to react with excess oxygen? 3.Set-up ratio and proportion between known and unknown quantities

Chapter 421 Quantitative Information 2 C 4 H 10 (l) + 13 O 2 (g)  8 CO 2 (g) + 10 H 2 O(g) How many grams of CO 2 are formed if 1.00g of butane (C 4 H 10 ) is allowed to react with excess oxygen? 3.Set-up ratio and proportion between known and unknown quantities

Chapter 422 Quantitative Information 2 C 4 H 10 (l) + 13 O 2 (g)  8 CO 2 (g) + 10 H 2 O(g) How many grams of CO 2 are formed if 1.00g of butane (C 4 H 10 ) is allowed to react with excess oxygen? 3.Set-up ratio and proportion between known and unknown quantities

Chapter 423 Quantitative Information 2 C 4 H 10 (l) + 13 O 2 (g)  8 CO 2 (g) + 10 H 2 O(g) How many grams of CO 2 are formed if 1.00g of butane (C 4 H 10 ) is allowed to react with excess oxygen? 4.Convert the moles of unknown substance into the desired units

Chapter 424 Quantitative Information 2 C 4 H 10 (l) + 13 O 2 (g)  8 CO 2 (g) + 10 H 2 O(g) How many grams of CO 2 are formed if 1.00g of butane (C 4 H 10 ) is allowed to react with excess oxygen? 4.Convert the moles of unknown substance into the desired units FW of CO 2 : g/mol

Chapter 425 Quantitative Information 2 C 4 H 10 (l) + 13 O 2 (g)  8 CO 2 (g) + 10 H 2 O(g) How many grams of CO 2 are formed if 1.00g of butane (C 4 H 10 ) is allowed to react with excess oxygen? 4.Convert the moles of unknown substance into the desired units FW of CO 2 : g/mol

Chapter 426 “What runs out first” 2 C 8 H O 2  16 CO H 2 O If you have 2 moles of C 8 H 18 and 20 moles of O 2 all the O 2 will be used and the reaction will stop O 2 is call the limiting reagent (reactant) Limiting Reactant – The reagent present in the smallest stoichiometric quantity in a mixture of reactants. Limiting Reactants

Chapter 427 Example 2 C 8 H O 2  16 CO H 2 O Determine the limiting reagent of this reaction if 10.0 grams of C 8 H 18 and 25.0 grams of O 2 are allowed to react. 1.Convert grams to moles FW(C 8 H 18 ) g/mol FW(O 2 ) = 32.00g/mol Limiting Reactants

Chapter 428 Example 2 C 8 H O 2  16 CO H 2 O Determine the limiting reagent of this reaction if 10.0 grams of C 8 H 18 and 25.0 grams of O 2 are allowed to react. 1.Convert grams to moles FW(C 8 H 18 ) g/mol FW(O 2 ) = 32.00g/mol Limiting Reactants

Chapter 429 Example 2 C 8 H O 2  16 CO H 2 O Determine the limiting reagent of this reaction if 10.0 grams of C 8 H 18 and 25.0 grams of O 2 are allowed to react. 2.Divide each reagent by its own coefficient Limiting Reactants

Chapter 430 Example 2 C 8 H O 2  16 CO H 2 O Determine the limiting reagent of this reaction if 10.0 grams of C 8 H 18 and 25.0 grams of O 2 are allowed to react. 2.Divide each reagent by its own coefficient Limiting Reactants

Chapter 431 Example 2 C 8 H O 2  16 CO H 2 O Determine the limiting reagent of this reaction if 10.0 grams of C 8 H 18 and 25.0 grams of O 2 are allowed to react. 3.The substance with the smallest calculated value will be the limiting reagent. In this case, O 2 is the limiting reagent. Limiting Reactants

Chapter 432 Theoretical Yield - The calculated amount of product based on the limiting reactant (Theoretical yield). Limiting Reactants

Chapter C 8 H O 2  16 CO H 2 O Determine the theoretical yield of CO 2 for this reaction if 10.0 grams of C 8 H 18 and 25.0 grams of O 2 are allowed to react. - already know that O 2 is the limiting reactant. Limiting Reactants Theoretical Yield

Chapter C 8 H O 2  16 CO H 2 O Calculate moles of oxygen Limiting Reactants Theoretical Yield Calculate moles of CO 2

Chapter C 8 H O 2  16 CO H 2 O Calculate moles of CO 2 Limiting Reactants Theoretical Yield

Chapter 436 Percent Yield - Calculation which indicates how much of the theoretical yield was obtained. Limiting Reactants

Chapter 437 Combustion Analysis Empirical Formulas from Analyses Typical example: 2 C 2 H 6 (g) + 7 O 2  4 CO 2 (g) + 6 H 2 O(g) -The combustion of any hydrocarbon produces CO 2 and water. -This observation can be used to determine the empirical formula of the reactant. Combustion Reaction: The “burning” of any substance in oxygen.

Chapter 438 Combustion Analysis Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 439 Combustion Analysis Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H and O. A g sample of menthol is combusted, producing g of CO 2 and g of H 2 O. What is the empirical formula for menthol? Mass of Carbon mass CO 2  moles CO 2  moles C  grams C Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 440 Combustion Analysis Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H and O. A g sample of menthol is combusted, producing g of CO 2 and g of H 2 O. What is the empirical formula for menthol? Mass of Carbon mass CO 2  moles CO 2  moles C  grams C Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 441 Combustion Analysis Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H and O. A g sample of menthol is combusted, producing g of CO 2 and g of H 2 O. What is the empirical formula for menthol? Mass of Carbon mass CO 2  moles CO 2  moles C  grams C Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 442 Combustion Analysis Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H and O. A g sample of menthol is combusted, producing g of CO 2 and g of H 2 O. What is the empirical formula for menthol? Mass of Carbon mass CO 2  moles CO 2  moles C  grams C Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 443 Combustion Analysis Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H and O. A g sample of menthol is combusted, producing g of CO 2 and g of H 2 O. What is the empirical formula for menthol? Mass of Hydrogen mass H 2 O  moles H 2 O  moles H  grams H Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 444 Combustion Analysis Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H and O. A g sample of menthol is combusted, producing g of CO 2 and g of H 2 O. What is the empirical formula for menthol? Mass of Hydrogen mass H 2 O  moles H 2 O  moles H  grams H Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 445 Combustion Analysis Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H and O. A g sample of menthol is combusted, producing g of CO 2 and g of H 2 O. What is the empirical formula for menthol? Mass of Hydrogen mass H 2 O  moles H 2 O  moles H  grams H Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 446 Combustion Analysis Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H and O. A g sample of menthol is combusted, producing g of CO 2 and g of H 2 O. What is the empirical formula for menthol? Mass of Hydrogen mass H 2 O  moles H 2 O  moles H  grams H Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 447 Combustion Analysis Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H and O. A g sample of menthol is combusted, producing g of CO 2 and g of H 2 O. What is the empirical formula for menthol? Mass of Oxygen mass O = mass of sample – (mass C +mass H) Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 448 Combustion Analysis Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H and O. A g sample of menthol is combusted, producing g of CO 2 and g of H 2 O. What is the empirical formula for menthol? Mass of Oxygen mass O = mass of sample – (mass C +mass H) Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 449 Combustion Analysis Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H and O. A g sample of menthol is combusted, producing g of CO 2 and g of H 2 O. What is the empirical formula for menthol? Now we can determine the empirical formula Mass of elements: C  g H  g O  g Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 450 Combustion Analysis Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H and O. A g sample of menthol is combusted, producing g of CO 2 and g of H 2 O. What is the empirical formula for menthol? Now we can determine the empirical formula Moles of elements: C  g/12.011g/mol = H  g/1.01g/mol = O  g/16.00g/mol = Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 451 Combustion Analysis Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H and O. A g sample of menthol is combusted, producing g of CO 2 and g of H 2 O. What is the empirical formula for menthol? Now we can determine the empirical formula Moles of elements: C  g/12.011g/mol = mol H  g/1.01g/mol = mol O  g/16.00g/mol = mol Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 452 Combustion Analysis Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H and O. A g sample of menthol is combusted, producing g of CO 2 and g of H 2 O. What is the empirical formula for menthol? Now we can determine the empirical formula Moles of elements: C  g/12.011g/mol = mol H  g/1.01g/mol = mol O  g/16.00g/mol = mol Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 453 Combustion Analysis Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H and O. A g sample of menthol is combusted, producing g of CO 2 and g of H 2 O. What is the empirical formula for menthol? Now we can determine the empirical formula Moles of elements: C  g/12.011g/mol = mol H  g/1.01g/mol = mol O  g/16.00g/mol = mol Empirical Formulas from Analyses

Chapter 454 Practice Problems 4, 10, 14, 22, 26, 28, 38, 46, 50, 54