1. CHEMISTRY The Central Science 9th Edition
Chapter 3 Stoichiometry: Calculations with Chemical Formulas and Equations

2. Chemical Changes
Chemical properties describes the reaction a substance undergo to form new substances.
The study of chemical changes is at the heart of chemistry.
Some chemical changes or simple and some or complex.
For example, changes that occur in your brain and eyes allow you to see and think.
In this chapter, chemical changes will be used to explore the quantity of substances consumed and produced in a chemical reaction.
Chemical Equations are used to describe chemical reactions.

3. Defining Chemistry
Lavoisier: mass is conserved in a chemical reaction.
His careful measurements turned chemistry into a science (Father of Chemistry)
Investigate the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to produce water (2H2 + O2  2H2O).

4. Chemical Equations
The chemical equation for the formation of water can be visualized as two hydrogen molecules reacting with one oxygen molecule to form two water molecules:
2H2 + O2  2H2O
Products
Reactants

5. Reading Chemical Equations
The plus sign (+) means “react” and the arrow points towards the substance produce in the reaction.
The chemical formulas on the right side of the equation are called reactants and after the arrow are called product.
The numbers in front of the formulas are called stoichiometric coefficients.
2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2
Stoichiometric coefficients: numbers in front of the chemical formulas; give ratio of reactants and products.
Coefficient
Reactants
Products

6. Understanding Chemical Equations
Coefficients and subscripts included in the chemical formula have
different effects on the composition.

7. Balancing Chemical Equations
Law of conservation of mass: matter cannot be lost in any chemical reactions. O

8. Class Practice Problem
Balance the following equations:
(a) Na(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
(b) Al(s) + HCl(aq) AlCl3(aq) + H2(g)
(c) C2H4(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(l)

9. Combination and Decomposition Reactions
In Combination reactions two or more substances react to form products:
2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s)
The Mg has combined with O2 to form MgO (ionic compounds).
Decomposition reactions is when one substance undergoes a reaction to produce two or more substances:
2NaN3(s)  2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
(the reaction that occurs in an air bag)
The NaN3 has decomposed into Na and N2 gas.

10. Summarization of Reactions

11. Patterns in Chemical Reactivity
The periodic table can be used to predict how elements will react in a combination reaction:
2K(s) + 2H2O(l)  2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
All alkali metals will react with water to form the hydroxide compound and hydrogen.
Thus, if let M represent the alkali metal, we able to write:
2M(s) + 2H2O(l)  2MOH(aq) + H2(g)
Alkali metal + water  Metal hydroxide + hydrogen

12. Formula and Molecular Weights
Formula Weights
Formula and Molecular Weights
Formula weights (FW) is the sum of the atomic weights of each atom in the chemical formula.
FW (H2SO4) = 2AW(H) + AW(S) + 4AW(O)
= 2(1.0 amu) + (32.0 amu) + 4(16.0)
= amu
If the chemical formula is also its molecular formula then the weight is called the molecular weight (MW).
MW(C6H12O6) = 6(12.0 amu) + 12(1.0 amu) + 6(16.0 amu)

13. Percentage Composition from Formulas
Formula Weights
Percentage Composition from Formulas
Percent composition is the atomic weight for each element divided by the formula weight of the compound multiplied by 100:

14. Class Practice Problem
Calculate the FW of C12H22O11.
Calculate the percent composition of H2O.
12C = 12 x =
22H = 22 x =
11O = 11 x = 176.0
C12H22O = amu
% H = 11.21%
% O = 88.79%

15. Molar Mass
Molar mass: mass in grams of 1 mole of substance (units g/mol, g.mol-1).
Experimentally, 1 mole of 12C = 12 g, which can be written as 12g/mol.

16. The Mole
The unit we use to express the quantity of atoms, ions, and molecules that an object contains is called mole.
Mole: convenient measure chemical quantities.
The actual number of atoms, ions, or molecules in 1 mole of something =  1023 (Advogadro’s number) of that thing.
Thus,
1 mole of 12C atoms = 6.02 x C atoms
1 mole of H2O molecules = 6.02 x 1023 molecules
1 mole of NO3- ions = 6.02 x 1023 ions

17. Visualizing The Mole Concept
Different Units

18. Class Practice Problem
How many C atoms are in mol of C6H12O6?
C atoms = [0.350 mol C6H12O6 (6.02 x 1023 molecules/1 mole C6H12O6)(6 C atoms/1 molecule)] = 1.26 x 1024 C atoms

19. Class Practice Problem
Converting moles to mass
Calculate the number of moles of glucose C6H12O6 in g of C6H12O6.
Moles of C6H12O6 = [5.380 g C6H12O6 (1 mole C6H12O6/ 180 g C6H12O6)] = mol C6H12O6

20. Class Practice Problem
Converting mass to particles
Calculate the number of atoms of Cu in 3 g of Cu?
Atoms of Cu = [3 g Cu (1 mole Cu/180 g Cu)(6.02 x 1023 atoms Cu/1 mole Cu)] = 3 x 1023Cu atoms

21. Empirical Formulas from Analyses
Start with mass % of elements (i.e. empirical data) and calculate a formula, or
Start with the formula and calculate the mass % elements.
For example:
Ascorbic acid contains percent C, 4.58 percent H, and percent O by mass. What is the empirical Formula?
The experimentally determined molecular weight is 176 amu.

23. Empirical Formulas from Analyses
Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula
Once we know the empirical formula, we need the MW to find the molecular formula.
Example 3.14, page 98
Subscripts in the molecular formula are always whole-number multiples of subscripts in the empirical formula

24. Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations
Balanced chemical equation gives number of molecules that react to form products.
Interpretation: ratio of number of moles of reactant required to give the ratio of number of moles of product.
These ratios are called stoichiometric ratios.
NB: Stoichiometric ratios are ideal proportions
Real ratios of reactants and products in the laboratory need to be measured (in grams and converted to moles).

25. Limiting Reactants
If the reactants are not present in stoichiometric amounts, at end of reaction some reactants are still present (in excess).
Limiting Reactant: one reactant that is consumed

26. Limiting Reactants

27. Limiting Reactants Theoretical Yields
The amount of product predicted from stoichiometry taking into account limiting reagents is called the theoretical yield.
The percent yield relates the actual yield (amount of material recovered in the laboratory) to the theoretical yield:

28. The End of Chapter 3 The test will cover Chapters 1-3, Scheduled for September 28, 2005 Chemistry Feud will be held on Monday, September 26, Homework: 3.9, 3.11, 3.15, 3.17, 3.19, 3.21, 3.25, 3.27, 3.31, 3.33, 3.43, 3.47