War and Peace HIS 1302 – Chapter 27

The Road to Pearl Harbor Relations between Japan and the US deteriorated after Japan resumed its war against China in 1937 Relations between Japan and the US deteriorated after Japan resumed its war against China in 1937 Neither the US or Japan desired war. Neither the US or Japan desired war. Roosevelt considered Nazi Germany to be a more dangerous enemy and dreaded the prospect of a two-front war Roosevelt considered Nazi Germany to be a more dangerous enemy and dreaded the prospect of a two-front war

Cordell Hull’s demands Cordell Hull’s demands Moderate viewpoint Moderate viewpoint US retaliation against Japan over Indochina US retaliation against Japan over Indochina Japanese militarism Japanese militarism Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941)

Mobilizing the Home Front - Emergency Powers - Democratic majorities slim -Conservatives in Congress – fiscal oversight - Characteristics of FDR (leader, not administrator; common sense) - Financing the war, ration, taxes, economic controls

Lack of centralized authority impeded mobilization, but production expanded dramatically Lack of centralized authority impeded mobilization, but production expanded dramatically Manufacturing nearly doubled; agricultural output rose 22 percent Manufacturing nearly doubled; agricultural output rose 22 percent Unemployment nearly disappeared Unemployment nearly disappeared Productive capacity and per capita output increased especially dramatically in the South Productive capacity and per capita output increased especially dramatically in the South

The War Economy James F. Byrnes – “economic czar” James F. Byrnes – “economic czar” Office of War Mobilization – controlled production, consumption, priorities, prices Office of War Mobilization – controlled production, consumption, priorities, prices National War Labor Board arbitrated disputes and stabilized wages National War Labor Board arbitrated disputes and stabilized wages Despite rationing and wage regulations, American citizens experienced no real hardships during the war. Despite rationing and wage regulations, American citizens experienced no real hardships during the war.

Organized labor; wars effects on collective bargaining Organized labor; wars effects on collective bargaining Effect on Redistribution of wealth Effect on Redistribution of wealth –Wealthiest 1% = 13.4 % in 1935 –Dropped to 6.7% in 1944 –Income tax extended

War and Social Change American mobility American mobility Migration to jobs; military posts Migration to jobs; military posts Wartime prosperity = more marriages, higher birthrate Wartime prosperity = more marriages, higher birthrate

Minorities - Blacks Effect of Hitler’s policies Effect of Hitler’s policies Arguments of black leaders Arguments of black leaders Blacks in the military Blacks in the military Effects of wartime economy Effects of wartime economy Educational opportunities Educational opportunities Great migration continues Great migration continues Political clout Political clout NAACP NAACP

Fair Employment Practices Commission Fair Employment Practices Commission Race Riots? Race Riots? Mexican labor Mexican labor Zoot Suit Riots Zoot Suit Riots American Indians American Indians

Treatment of German- and Italian- Americans WWII produced less intolerance than WWI WWII produced less intolerance than WWI Better able to distinguish between foreigners and Americans Better able to distinguish between foreigners and Americans American immigrants more opposed to German and Italian policies American immigrants more opposed to German and Italian policies More politically active More politically active

Internment of the Japanese 112,000 Japanese Americans relocated into internment camps 112,000 Japanese Americans relocated into internment camps Fear of political disloyalty, and the public was aroused by racial prejudice and Pearl Harbor Fear of political disloyalty, and the public was aroused by racial prejudice and Pearl Harbor Hirabayashi vs. US (1943) upheld restrictions Hirabayashi vs. US (1943) upheld restrictions Ex Parte Endo (1944) Supreme Court forbade interment of loyal Americans Ex Parte Endo (1944) Supreme Court forbade interment of loyal Americans

Women’s Contribution Workforce Workforce Women in male roles Women in male roles Black Women Black Women Dual roles – workplace and home Dual roles – workplace and home Support networks declined Support networks declined War-brides and separation War-brides and separation

Allied Strategy: Europe First Japanese threat was remote, Hitler was the greatest threat – was working to knock USSR out of the war Japanese threat was remote, Hitler was the greatest threat – was working to knock USSR out of the war US and USSR wanted to establish a second European front in France US and USSR wanted to establish a second European front in France Churchill wanted strategic bombing raids on German cities and invasion of North Africa – Churchill got his way Churchill wanted strategic bombing raids on German cities and invasion of North Africa – Churchill got his way

1942 – Allied planes began to bomb German cities, and an Allied force under Eisenhower invaded Africa 1942 – Allied planes began to bomb German cities, and an Allied force under Eisenhower invaded Africa Rommel’s Afrika Corps surrendered in May 1943 Rommel’s Afrika Corps surrendered in May 1943 Fall of 1943, USSR checked the Nazi advance at Stalingrad and the Allies were pushing their way up the Italian Peninsula Fall of 1943, USSR checked the Nazi advance at Stalingrad and the Allies were pushing their way up the Italian Peninsula

Germany Overwhelmed D-Day, June 6, 1944 – D-Day, June 6, 1944 – Millions of Soviet troops slowly pushed back the Axis lines Millions of Soviet troops slowly pushed back the Axis lines While Allies prepared for a general advance, the Germans launched a counterattack While Allies prepared for a general advance, the Germans launched a counterattack Battle of the Bulge, costs and gains? Battle of the Bulge, costs and gains?

May 8, 1945 May 8, 1945 Death camps Death camps Early news and FDR’s response Early news and FDR’s response

Naval War in the Pacific 1 st priority – Germany 1 st priority – Germany 2 nd priority – stop Japanese expansion 2 nd priority – stop Japanese expansion Battle of Coral Sea Battle of Coral Sea Midway – turning point Midway – turning point

Island Hopping Goal of Island hopping Goal of Island hopping Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal) Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal) Mid 1944 – in range of Tokyo Mid 1944 – in range of Tokyo Feb – Philippines, Leyte Gulf Feb – Philippines, Leyte Gulf Okinawa and Iwo Jima Okinawa and Iwo Jima Characteristic of Japanese fighting men Characteristic of Japanese fighting men

Atomic Bomb FDR dies in April 1945 – Harry S Truman becomes President FDR dies in April 1945 – Harry S Truman becomes President July – learns of the A-bomb July – learns of the A-bomb Decisions? Decisions? –Desire to end the war quickly? –USSR intervention –Hatred of the Japanese –Use of the bombs –Effects United Nations United Nations

Wartime Diplomacy No peace – Split between US and USSR No peace – Split between US and USSR Propaganda – Propaganda – –Wartime image –Reality (Post-War image) Big Three established European Advisory Commission to determine fate of Germany Big Three established European Advisory Commission to determine fate of Germany Tehran and Yalta Tehran and Yalta Establishment of UN (Sec. Council and Gen. Assembly) Establishment of UN (Sec. Council and Gen. Assembly)

Allied Suspicion of Stalin Division among the Allies Division among the Allies Stalin resented the delay in a second front Stalin resented the delay in a second front Spread of USSR into satellite nations Spread of USSR into satellite nations Self-determination vs. Soviet expansion Self-determination vs. Soviet expansion

Yalta and Potsdam Yalta - FDR and Churchill agreed to allow USSR control of Eastern Poland Yalta - FDR and Churchill agreed to allow USSR control of Eastern Poland Stalin agreed to free elections in Poland (never happened) Stalin agreed to free elections in Poland (never happened) Potsdam – formalized occupation of Germany Potsdam – formalized occupation of Germany Truman takes “hard line” against USSR Truman takes “hard line” against USSR Suspicions – begins the Cold War Suspicions – begins the Cold War