25 The United States in World War II Mobilizing for Defense QUIT 25 C H A P T E R The United States in World War II CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE SECTION 1 Mobilizing for Defense SECTION 2 The War for Europe and North Africa MAP SECTION 3 The War in the Pacific GRAPH SECTION 4 The Home Front VISUAL SUMMARY

25 The United States in World War II HOME 25 C H A P T E R The United States in World War II CHAPTER OBJECTIVE To understand the military campaigns, political decisions, and efforts on the home front that won World War II

25 The United States in World War II I N T E R A C T HOME 25 C H A P T E R The United States in World War II I N T E R A C T W I T H H I S T O R Y It is December of 1941. After Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. has entered the war. As a citizen, you and millions like you must mobilize a depressed peacetime country for war. The United States must produce the workers, soldiers, weapons, and equipment that will help to win the war. How can the United States use its resources to achieve victory? Examine the Issues • How can the government encourage businesses to convert to wartime production? • What sacrifices will you and your family be willing to make? • How can the military attract recruits?

25 The United States in World War II The United States The World HOME C H A P T E R The United States in World War II TIME LINE The United States The World 1941 Hitler invades the Soviet Union. 1941 The Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor. A. Philip Randolph demands that war industries hire African Americans. 1942 Roosevelt creates the War Production Board to coordinate mobilization. Japanese Americans are sent to relocation centers. 1942 In the Pacific, the Battle of Midway turns the tide in favor of the Allies. Nazis develop the "final solution" for exterminating Jews. 1943 Zoot-suit riots rock Los Angeles. 1943 Rommel’s forces surrender in North Africa. 1944 GI Bill of Rights is passed. President Roosevelt is elected to a fourth term. 1944 On June 6, the Allies launch D-Day, a massive invasion of Europe. 1945 U.S. Marines take Iwo Jima. Harry S. Truman becomes president when Roosevelt dies. 1945 Nazi retreat begins after the Battle of the Bulge. Japan surrenders after atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Mobilizing for Defense S E C T I O N 1 Mobilizing for Defense HOME KEY IDEA The United States enters the war and mobilizes its citizens and resources to give its allies unprecedented military and industrial support. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

Mobilizing for Defense S E C T I O N 1 Mobilizing for Defense HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States mobilized for war. Military industries in the United States today are a major part of the American economy. TERMS & NAMES • War Production Board (WPB) • Manhattan Project • A. Philip Randolph • Office of Price Administration (OPA) • Women’s Auxiliary Army Corp (WAAC) • rationing • George Marshall ASSESSMENT

Mobilizing for Defense S E C T I O N 1 Mobilizing for Defense HOME ASSESSMENT 1. List four ways that America prepared for war. Industries geared up for wartime production. Creation of WAAC Preparation for War, 1941-1942 Employment of women in the war industry Establishment of OPA and WPB continued . . .

Mobilizing for Defense S E C T I O N 1 Mobilizing for Defense HOME ASSESSMENT 2. How did government regulations impact the lives of civilians? ANSWER Rationing forced people to use resources wisely or do without some goods. Gas rationing forced people to carpool or walk to work. A “black market” developed that illegally sold scarce goods. End of Section 1

The War for Europe and North Africa MAP HOME 2 S E C T I O N The War for Europe and North Africa KEY IDEA The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union cooperate in the fight to defeat Germany and its allies. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

The War for Europe and North Africa MAP HOME 2 S E C T I O N The War for Europe and North Africa OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Allied forces, led by the United States and Great Britain, battled Axis powers for control of Europe and North Africa. During World War II, the United States assumed a leading role in world affairs that continues today. TERMS & NAMES • Omar Bradley • George Patton • Harry S. Truman • Dwight D. Eisenhower • Battle of the Bulge • D-Day • V-E Day ASSESSMENT

The War for Europe and North Africa MAP HOME 2 S E C T I O N The War for Europe and North Africa ASSESSMENT 1. List the major events influencing the fighting in Europe and North Africa. Event Two Event One Event Four Event Six Event Eight Event Three Event Five Event Seven Jan. 31, 1943 Germans surrender at Stalingrad. May 1944 Battle of Anzio ends. July 1944 Russians liberate first death camp. May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders. Dec. 22, 1941 Churchill and Roosevelt meet at the White House. May 1943 Last of Afrika Korps surrenders. June 6, 1944 Allies invade Normandy. January 1945 Germany loses Battle of the Bulge. continued . . .

The War for Europe and North Africa MAP HOME 2 S E C T I O N The War for Europe and North Africa ASSESSMENT 2. Do you agree with the decision made by Roosevelt and Churchill to require unconditional surrender by the Axis powers? Why or why not? Think About: • the advantages of defeating a foe decisively • the advantages of ending a war quickly • how other conflicts, such as the Civil War and World War I, ended ANSWER Agree: Hitler had to be crushed completely so that he would not have the opportunity to rebuild his army. Disagree: If something less than unconditional surrender were required, the bloodshed would stop earlier and fewer Allied soldiers would be killed. continued . . .

The War for Europe and North Africa MAP HOME 2 S E C T I O N The War for Europe and North Africa ASSESSMENT 3. When President Roosevelt’s body was brought by train to Washington, Betty Conrad was among the servicewomen who escorted his casket. “ The body in the casket was not only our leader but the bodies of all the men and women who had given their lives for freedom. They must not and will not have died in vain.” What did Roosevelt’s body symbolize to Betty Conrad? ANSWER Roosevelt’s body symbolized the bodies of all the men and women who had given their lives for freedom. End of Section 2

3 The War in the Pacific KEY IDEA S E C T I O N 3 The War in the Pacific HOME KEY IDEA America wages an aggressive military campaign against Japan in the Pacific Islands and finally ends the war. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

3 The War in the Pacific OVERVIEW S E C T I O N 3 The War in the Pacific HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW In order to defeat Japan and end the war in the Pacific, the United States unleashed a terrible new weapon, the atomic bomb. Countries of the modern world struggle to find ways to prevent the use of nuclear weapons. TERMS & NAMES • Chester Nimitz • Battle of Midway • Nuremberg trials • J. Robert Oppenheimer • Douglas MacArthur • Nagasaki • Hiroshima • kamikaze ASSESSMENT

S E C T I O N 3 The War in the Pacific HOME ASSESSMENT 1. List the key military actions in the Pacific during World War II and note the significance of each. Military Action Significance Philippines Japanese victory destroyed the myth of white supremacy in Asia. Doolittle’s raid American spirits lifted by the Tokyo bombing. Midway Damaged Japanese air power Leyte Gulf Reduced Japanese navy to minor role Okinawa Allowed attack on Japan itself Hiroshima America is first to use the atomic bomb. Nagasaki Led to Japan’s surrender continued . . .

S E C T I O N 3 The War in the Pacific HOME ASSESSMENT 2. At the trials, many Nazis defended themselves by saying they were only following orders. What does this rationale tell you about the German military? Why was it important to negate this justification? ANSWER Soldiers observed the German military tradition of following orders issued by commanding officers. It is important to negate this point of view to stress the importance of individual responsibility. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 3 The War in the Pacific HOME ASSESSMENT 3. Explain how the United States was able to defeat the Japanese in the Pacific. ANSWER The United States followed an island-by-island strategy of winning territory back from Japan. With each victory, Allied forces moved closer to Japan. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 3 The War in the Pacific HOME ASSESSMENT 4. Is it legitimate to hold people accountable for crimes committed during wartime? Why or why not? Think About: • the laws that govern society • the likelihood of conducting a fair trial • the behavior of soldiers, politicians, and civilians during war ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: Legitimate—People should be prosecuted for committing atrocities as much during war time as during peacetime. Not Legitimate—In war, people are expected to kill the enemy. Ordinary laws do not apply during wartime. End of Section 3

S E C T I O N 4 The Home Front GRAPH HOME KEY IDEA Americans begin to adjust to new economic opportunities and continuing social problems after World War II. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

4 The Home Front OVERVIEW S E C T I O N 4 The Home Front GRAPH HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW After World War II, Americans adjusted to new economic opportunities and harsh social tensions. Economic opportunities afforded by World War II led to a more diverse middle class in the United States. TERMS & NAMES • GI Bill of Rights • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) • Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) • internment • James Farmer ASSESSMENT

S E C T I O N 4 The Home Front GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 1. List the advances and problems in the economy and in civil rights during World War II. Advances Problems Economy Civil Rights Low unemployment, rising crop prices, opportunities for women Shortage of housing and food, rationing More equality in the military, founding of CORE Segregation, discrimination, race riots in Detroit and Los Angeles; internment of Japanese Americans continued . . .

S E C T I O N 4 The Home Front GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 2. How were the experiences of African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Japanese Americans similar during World War II? How were they different? ANSWER Similar: All three groups suffered from discrimination. Different: Japanese Americans living on the West Coast were forced into internment camps. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 4 The Home Front GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 3. Do you think that the government’s policy of evacuating Japanese Americans to camps was justified on the basis of “military necessity”? Explain your answer. ANSWER POSSIBLE RESPONSES: Yes: The United States government had no way of telling with certainty that Japanese citizens were loyal. No: There was no proof that Japanese Americans were disloyal to their country. continued . . .

S E C T I O N 4 The Home Front GRAPH HOME ASSESSMENT 4. What effect did World War II have on American families? Think About: • the role of women in families and the economy • the relationship between the races • the impact of the federal government on society ANSWER The war changed traditional gender roles as women enlisted in the armed forces and took jobs outside the home. The war also reinforced the country’s long-standing policy of discrimination against minorities. End of Section 4