Interactions within Ecosystems CHAPTER NEW CHAPTER Interactions within Ecosystems the BIG idea Living things within an ecosystem interact with each other and the environment. 2.1 Groups of living things interact within ecosystems. 2.2 Organisms can interact in different ways. 2.3 Ecosystems are always changing. CHAPTER OUTLINE CHAPTER RESOURCES

Groups of living things interact within ecosystems. 2.1 Groups of living things interact within ecosystems. • Members of the same species form a population with in a habitat. • Each species has a distinct role with in a habitat. This is its niche. species population habitat niche community CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

2.1 species Groups of living things interact within ecosystems. population A group of living things that are so closely related that they can breed with one another and produce offspring that can breed as well. habitat niche community CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.1 population Groups of living things interact within ecosystems. species population population A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area; for example, a desert will have populations of different species of lizards and cactus plants. habitat niche community CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.1 habitat Groups of living things interact within ecosystems. species habitat population The natural environment in which a living thing gets all that it needs to live; examples include a desert, a coral reef, and a freshwater lake habitat niche community CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.1 niche Groups of living things interact within ecosystems. species niche population The role a living thing plays in its habitat; a plant is a food producer, whereas an insect both consumes food as well as provides food for other consumers. habitat niche community CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.1 community Groups of living things interact within ecosystems. species community population All the populations that live and interact with each other in a particular place; the community can live in a place as small as a pond or a park, or it can live in a place as large as a rain forest or the ocean. habitat niche community CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Organisms can interact in different ways. 2.2 Organisms can interact in different ways. Organisms within a community interact with each other in many ways. Some are predators, some are prey. Some compete with one another, some cooperate. Some species form symbiotic relationships with other species: predator prey competition cooperation symbiosis mutualism Mutualism benefits both Commensalism benefits one, other unaffected commensalism parasitism CHAPTER RESOURCES Parasitism benefits one, harms other SECTION OUTLINE

2.2 predator Organisms can interact in different ways. prey An animal that feeds on other animals; an owl is a predator that feeds on small animals such as mice. competition cooperation symbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.2 prey Organisms can interact in different ways. predator prey prey An animal that is eaten by another animal; a mouse is prey that is eaten by other animals, such has owls and snakes. competition cooperation symbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.2 competition Organisms can interact in different ways. predator competition prey The struggle between two or more living things that depend on the same limited resource. competition cooperation symbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.2 cooperation Organisms can interact in different ways. predator cooperation prey A term used to describe an interaction between two or more living things in which they are said to work together. competition cooperation symbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.2 symbiosis Organisms can interact in different ways. predator symbiosis prey A relationship between individuals from two different species that live closely together. competition cooperation symbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.2 mutualism Organisms can interact in different ways. predator mutualism prey A relationship between two species in which both benefit; a type of symbiosis. competition cooperation symbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.2 commensalism Organisms can interact in different ways. predator commensalism prey A relationship between two species in which one species benefits without harming the other; a type of symbiosis. competition cooperation symbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.2 parasitism Organisms can interact in different ways. predator parasitism prey A relationship between two species in which one species is harmed while the other benefits; a type of symbiosis. competition cooperation symbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Ecosystems are always changing. 2.3 Ecosystems are always changing. Primary Succession In a barren area, a new community is established with pioneer species, like mosses, that do well with little or no soil. Mosses eventually give way to coniferous trees. limiting factor carrying capacity succession pioneer species CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

Ecosystems are always changing. 2.3 Ecosystems are always changing. Secondary Succession When a disturbance damages a community but soil remains, the community gets reestablished from seeds and roots left behind. Grasses grow, then small shrubs, and eventually trees. limiting factor carrying capacity succession pioneer species CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

Ecosystems are always changing. 2.3 Ecosystems are always changing. Secondary Succession When a disturbance damages a community but soil remains, the community gets reestablished from seeds and roots left behind. Grasses grow, then small shrubs, and eventually trees. limiting factor carrying capacity succession pioneer species SIMULATION Simulate the carrying capacity of an area for a population of deer. CHAPTER RESOURCES SECTION OUTLINE

2.3 limiting factor Ecosystems are always changing. carrying capacity A factor or condition that prevents the continuing growth of a population in an ecosystem. succession pioneer species CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.3 carrying capacity Ecosystems are always changing. limiting factor carrying capacity carrying capacity The maximum size that a population can reach in an ecosystem. succession pioneer species CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.3 succession Ecosystems are always changing. limiting factor succession carrying capacity A natural process that involves a gradual change in the plant and animal communities that live in an area. succession pioneer species CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.3 pioneer species Ecosystems are always changing. limiting factor pioneer species carrying capacity The first species to move into a lifeless environment; plants like mosses are typical pioneer species on land. succession pioneer species CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.1 Groups of living things interact within ecosystems. I. Groups of living things interact within ecosystems. species A. Organisms occupy specific living areas. population 1. Populations habitat 2. Habitats and Niches niche 3. Communities community B. The environment can be organized into five levels. C. Patterns exist in populations. 1. Patterns in Living Space CHAPTER RESOURCES 2. Patterns in Time KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Organisms can interact in different ways. 2.2 Organisms can interact in different ways. II. Organisms can interact in different ways. predator A. Organisms interact in different ways. prey 1. Predator and Prey competition 2. Competition cooperation 3. Cooperation B. The survival of one species might depend on another species. symbiosis mutualism 1. Both Species Benefit commensalism 2. One Species Benefits parasitism 3. One Species Is Harmed CHAPTER RESOURCES C. Interactions in an ecosystem are complex. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

2.3 Ecosystems are always changing. III. Ecosystems are always changing. limiting factor A. Populations change over time. carrying capacity 1. Population Growth and Decline succession 2. Maintaining a Balance pioneer species B. Ecosystems change over time. 1. Primary Succession 2. Secondary Succession 3. Patterns of Change CHAPTER RESOURCES KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Image Gallery Click on the icons to see a larger image or animation. CHAPTER HOME Image Gallery Click on the icons to see a larger image or animation. SIMULATION Simulate the carrying capacity of an area for a population of deer.

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