2. Ecology Chapter 14

3. Competition- competing for resources  occurs due to a limited number of resources  Resource- any necessity of life. water, nutrients, light, food.  Competitive exclusion principle- no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

4. Competition

5. Predation  Predation- when an organism captures and feeds on another organism.  Predator- hunter  Prey- hunted

7. Symbiosis  Symbiosis- any relationship where two species live closely together. (3 types) –Mutualism –Commensalism –Parasitism

8. Symbiosis  Mutualism- both species benefit from a relationship.  Lichens (fungus and Algae) One example is the lichens, little non-descript patches of stuff you see growing on rocks and tree bark. This is a symbiosis, consisting of a fungus and an alga. The fungus provides a protective home for the algae, and gathers mineral nutrients from rainwater and from dissolving the rock underneath. The alga gathers energy from the sun. There are thousands of species of lichen in the world; actually thousands of species of fungi with just a few species of algae which can form a partnership with almost any of them.

9. Symbiosis  Commensalism – One member of a symbiotic relationship benefits and the other is neither helped or harmed  Ex. Holes used by bluebirds in a tree were chiseled out by woodpeckers after it has been abandoned

10. Clown fish + anemones

11. Symbiosis  Parasitism- One creature benefits and one creature is harmed  Ex tapeworm. Feeds in a humans intestines absorbing his/her nutrients.

12. Identify these relationships

13. Primary Succession  Defined: Establishment and development of an ecosystem in an uninhabited environment  Volcanic lava creates new land  Glaciers retreating exposing new land

14. Bare Rock  Lava cools and hardens into rock

15. Pioneer Species  Defined: First organisms to inhabit new land  Moss and lichen grow on bare rock  Dead matter accumulates with rock pieces –Thin soil layer begins to accumulate

16. The Process Continues  Seeds enter the area and grow  Small flowers & shrubs accumulate more organic matter  With new plants, small animals inhabit the area

17. The Process Continues  Small trees take root in the accumulated organic matter  More animals use the trees as a habitat

18. Climax Community  Large trees take root –Overcrowd and out-compete original trees  New animals inhabit new forests

21. Secondary Succession  Changes that take place after a disturbance occurs in an established ecosystem –Forest fires, floods, tree falls…  Faster scale (soil preexists)