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NOTE! “Do not use ellipsis points at the beginning or end of any quotation unless, to prevent misinterpretation, you need to emphasize that the quotation begins or ends in midsentence” (APA, 2010, p. 173).

Announcements 1.Language diary analysis assignment due next week. 2.Film review essay due March 5. me when you can get 2 other people to agree to watch a particular film with you. 3.Watch “There’s something about Mary” by the March 5 th class.

Quick questions or quandaries?

Theoretical frameworks – Contrasting paradigms February 12, 2015 Today’s Readings: Mercer (1992) and McLaren (1994)

Social Construction of Disability This perspective holds that there is not a one-to-one correspondence between an individual’s condition and the extent to which, if at all, he/she is considered to have or considers him-herself to have a disability. Rather, disability is constructed on the basis of a complex interplay of a variety of internal and external factors.

Social Construction of Disability ConditionDisability Training Adaptive devices Compensatory strategies Lack of above Attitudes Assumptions Cultural beliefs

ObjectiveSubjective Homogeneous “Mercer’s Quadrant” Heterogeneous Note: This table is adapted from Mercer, J. (1992). The impact of changing paradigms of disability on mental retardation in the year In L. Rowitz (Ed.), Mental retardation in the year 2000 (pp ). New York: Spring-Verlag.

ObjectiveSubjective The nature of knowledge and truth (epistemology) (essentialist)(constructivist)

Homogeneous The nature of society Note: This table is adapted from Mercer, J. (1992). The impact of changing paradigms of disability on mental retardation in the year In L. Rowitz (Ed.), Mental retardation in the year 2000 (pp ). New York: Spring-Verlag. Heterogeneous

Society as Homogenous: This is the assumption that “societies are based on a broad value consensus that provides unity and cohesion” (Mercer, 1992, p. 18). Perspectives based on this assumption “define behaviors that interfere with the smooth operation of society as dysfunctional and persons who behave dysfunctionally as deviant or ‘disabled’” (Mercer, 1992, p. 19).

Society as Heterogeneous: This perspective “focuses on structural cleavages between social classes and ethnic groups and on differences between their social power, their cultural and linguistic backgrounds, and their norms and values. Society is characterized by the struggle for economic and political dominance. Inevitably, more powerful groups dominate less powerful groups and are able to enforce their norms, language, and culture on those who are subordinated…

Society as Heterogeneous: “…Part of the process of subordination consists of defining the language, behavior, values, and life-style of subordinated groups as unacceptable, thus ‘disabling’ many members of subordinate groups by making them ineligible for full participation in the most desirable roles in society.” (Mercer, 1992, p. 19).

Critical Theory Interpretivism ??? Positivism ObjectiveSubjective Homogeneous Heterogeneous Note: This table is adapted from Mercer, J. (1992). The impact of changing paradigms of disability on mental retardation in the year In L. Rowitz (Ed.), Mental retardation in the year 2000 (pp ). New York: Spring-Verlag. Application to scientific paradigms

Underlying Assumptions of Critical Theory: Power is the basis of society. Certain groups are privileged over others. All thought is mediated by power relations that are socially and historically constituted. Information always involves acts of human judgment and interpretation.

More Assumptions of Critical Theory: Language is central to the formation of subjectivity. Oppression (race, class, gender, age, for example) is reproduced when subordinates accept their status or situation as natural, necessary, and/or inevitable.

Final Assumptions of Critical Theory: There is no such thing as neutrality. Traditional research ideas of internal and external validity are replaced by critical trustworthiness. adapted from:

(McLaren, 1994, p. 182) “Hegemony refers to the maintenance of domination not by the sheer exercise of force but primarily through consensual social practices, social forms, and social structures produced in specific sites such as the church, the state, the school, the mass media, the political system, and the family…”

(McLaren, 1994, p. 182) “Hegemony is a struggle in which the powerful win the consent of those who are oppressed, with the oppressed unknowingly participating in their own oppression.”

Quick Write: What are some ways in which an individual's social characteristics (i.e. social class, gender, age, language background, and/or ethnicity) might interact with his/her physical, intellectual, and/or psychological characteristics to construct a greater or lesser disability?

Thought Questions for Viewing Interviews What do the interviewer and interviewee seem to be arguing about? What seem to be the interviewers’ main points? What seem to be the interviewee’s main points? How has the power in the interview? How is that power manifested?

Videos 8WiuxYoE4 8WiuxYoE4 janet-mock-flips-the-script-asks-alicia- menendez-to-prove-her-womanhood/ janet-mock-flips-the-script-asks-alicia- menendez-to-prove-her-womanhood/

Racism How do negative perceptions of White people by African Americans (PWD) affect White people as a group?

Racism How do negative perceptions of African Americans by White people affect African Americans as a group?

Racism “I am stopped regularly by the Police in Virginia, but never given a ticket because I have never broken the law. The ACLU calls this phenomenon DWB, driving while black.”

Handicapism How do negative perceptions of people without disabilities by people with disabilities affect people without disabilities as a group?

Do these terms “hurt” people without disabilities? neurotypicals temporarily able bodied (TAB) normals

Handicapism How do negative perceptions of people with disabilities by people without disabilities affect people with disabilities as a group?

Looking ahead … Topic: How disability gets constructed: The power of language Read: Peter (2000) AND Haller, Dorries, & Rahn (2006)

Please take a minute for the minute paper. And don’t forget to turn your phone back on.