Gender and Economics 2014 ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT FELLOWS PROGRAM Maureen and Mike Mansfield Center The University of Montana Celia Winkler, J.D., Ph.D. Associate.

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Presentation transcript:

Gender and Economics 2014 ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT FELLOWS PROGRAM Maureen and Mike Mansfield Center The University of Montana Celia Winkler, J.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Sociology University of Montana

Employment & Earnings Wage Gap Education Employment & Earnings

Wage Gap

Education & Earnings

Working Labor Force Participation Job Clustering Child Care Labor Force Participation

Richland County

Labor Force Participation

Job Clustering

Child Care

Work Time

harder-men-especially-Italy-11-hours-week.html

Poverty Individuals Children Retirement

Measuring Poverty  In the U.S., the poverty threshold is a historical artifact, based on a 1964 study that found that households spent 1/3 of their income on food, on average.  The 1964 poverty line was 3 times the cost of the “thrifty” food basket.  Since then, it has been adjusted according to increases in the cost of living  Several proposals to change this measure to take into account both differential costs and benefits available in various regions of the country.

Poverty Thresholds United States Poverty Thresholds 2013

½ Median: $13,499 Poverty Thresholds Poverty Line: $12,119

Extent of Poverty in the US, 1959 – 2009 Year % Poor Poverty Line (Family of 4) Median Income (Family of 4) Poverty Line as % of Median Income %$2,973$6, % %$3,223$8, % %$3,968$11, % %$5,500$15, % %$8,414$24, % %$10,989$32, % %$13,359$41, % %$15,569$49, % %$17,604$62, % %$19,971$69, % %$21,756$72, % %$22,811$75, % Poverty Thresholds

Poverty: Individuals United States

Poverty: Individuals

Relative Poverty Rates among Women, mid-2000s Poverty: Women Janet C. Gornick and Markus Jäntti “Women, Poverty, and Social Policy Regimes: A Cross-National Analysis.” LIS Working Paper No. 534.

Poverty: Individuals

Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2012, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates

Poverty: Individuals

Poverty: Children

Poverty: United States