Chapter 3 Flashcards

obligation of an individual to other individuals based on a social or legal contract to justify his or her actions; the processes and procedures through which a professional justifies and takes responsibility for professional activities and decisions; and extent to which a person is answerable to another (e.g., a supervisor or official review body) for his or her behaviors, decisions, or judgments, especially in a professional capacity Accountability

ongoing systematic information provided to a practitioner, client, or other person or group regarding a client’s outcomes for the purpose of improving those outcomes Feedback

tendency to see and interpret information consistently with an emotional preference or preconceived expectation; in research, unknown or unacknowledged error created during the conceptualization, design, measurement, sampling, procedure, or interpretation of findings Bias

tendency to gather evidence that confirms one’s preconceptions by emphasizing or pursuing supporting evidence while dismissing or failing to seek contradictory evidence Confirmation bias

tendency to gather evidence that confirms one’s preconceptions by emphasizing or pursuing supporting evidence while dismissing or failing to seek contradictory evidence Confirmation bias

deliberate process of seeking information to discount or disprove a hypothesis or theory Falsification

application of logical principles, rigorous standards of evidence, and careful reasoning to the analysis and discussion of data, claims, beliefs, or issues Critical thinking

standardized group of procedures for testing scientific laws through construction and testing of predictions based on hypotheses; procedures emphasize experimental manipulation of variables and elimination of alternative explanations for outcomes Scientific method

empirically testable proposition about a fact, behavior, or relationship, usually based on theory Hypothesis

extent to which an intervention works when implemented under routine practice conditions (i.e., in the context of everyday real-world service delivery) Effectiveness

extent to which an intervention works when implemented under ideal conditions (i.e., closely controlled scientific conditions) Efficacy

group of participants in an experiment who are exposed to control conditions (such as a placebo or waiting list), rather than the experimental condition (such as an intervention) Control/placebo group

type of experiment commonly used in testing the efficacy or effectiveness of interventions in which research participants are assigned randomly to groups (e.g., treatment, control) and outcomes are compared across groups to determine intervention effects. Also known as a randomized clinical trial when used in clinical research Randomized controlled trial (RCT)

quantitative method of synthesizing the findings of multiple studies by combining the effect sizes of the studies into a single effect size (or range) Meta-analysis

principles of morally right conduct accepted by a person or group or considered appropriate to a discipline or field Ethics