Portland General Electric Assessment of Renewable Energy Resources using the Western Renewable Energy Zones (WREZ) Model December 2010 Page - 1

How to use this Presentation This presentation is designed to provide a succinct review of results while allowing users to access more guidance if necessary Navigation (must be in full-screen mode) Hyperlink – Link to additional information resources Hyperlink – Click to get more information on assumptions and methodology for a specific slide (if available) – Click to return to the last viewed slide Page - 2 Guide Run the presentation in slide-show mode (Press F5) to use navigation buttons

Organization of Material in this Presentation 1. Introduction Introduction 2. Renewable Energy Demand Renewable Energy Demand 3. Identification of Most Economic WREZ Resources Identification of Most Economic WREZ Resources 4. Comparison to Local Resources Comparison to Local Resources 5. Maps of Top WREZ Resource Areas for PGE Maps of Top WREZ Resource Areas for PGE 6. Slide by Slide Guide Slide by Slide Guide Page - 3 Guide

Introduction Page - 4

Overview of WREZ Initiative The WREZ initiative has identified “hubs” composed of environmentally preferred, high quality renewable resources sufficient to justify building new high-voltage transmission in the Western Interconnection WREZ resource data was developed by the Zone Identification and Technology Assessment (ZITA) workgroup. A discussion of the resources and zone identification process may be found at: (8 MB) A Generation and Transmission Model (GTM) was developed Transparent and user-friendly model for load-serving entities (LSEs), regulators and others to evaluate the delivered cost of energy coming from renewable energy hubs Focus is on renewable resources that may be more distant from loads, but local resources can be added by users for comparison Available at: nitiatives&id=220%3Awrez-transmission-model-page&Itemid=81 nitiatives&id=220%3Awrez-transmission-model-page&Itemid=81 Both ZITA and GTM were stakeholder-led processes with consensus from western utilities and industry stakeholders Page - 5 Guide

WREZ and the Generation and Transmission Model Can Assist with Key Questions Which resources might be economically attractive for meeting renewable portfolio standard (RPS) targets in the West? What new transmission is needed to access those resources? Which LSEs may be potential partners for coordinated procurement and transmission? How do local options compare to more distant resources? Page - 6 Purpose of this presentation is to address these key questions for PGE using “base case” (default) assumptions for the GTM.“base case” Guide

Important Considerations The WREZ GTM was run with a common set of assumptions across all the Western Interconnection For example, all incremental transmission, 50 percent line utilization The model is available to download and customize as users would like The results provide a consistent basis to compare utilities, but they are likely different from the utilities’ current resource priorities. Focus is on potential resources. No evaluation of existing resources. The model was run independently for 25 utilities. The same potential resources were modeled for all utilities. Multiple utilities could identify the same resource as being economic for their portfolio. Utilities may compete or collaborate for these better resources. This slide indicates resource overlap.This slide indicates resource overlap. Projections were made to 2030 with high RPS targets. This is to encourage long range thinking. The intent is for this information to stimulate conversation about long range resource planning Page - 7 Guide

Renewable Energy Demand Page - 8

Modeled Renewable Energy Demand (GWh/yr) Page - 9 Notes –Load forecast values obtained from survey performed by LBNL. Guide

Identification of Most Economic WREZ Resources Page - 10

Page - 11 Busbar Cost Transmission Cost Integration Cost + + Energy Value Capacity Value - - Adjusted Delivered Cost GTM Resource Cost Determination Adjusted Delivered Cost of Energy Resource cost information provided by model: Busbar cost: “raw” cost of generation Delivered cost: cost to transmit energy to load zone Adjusted delivered cost: the value of a resource to a load zone, taking into consideration the energy and capacity benefit delivered by the resource Additional information on specific approach and assumptions in accompanying guide slides Guide Delivered Cost

WREZ Resources Page - 12 Guide The Zone Identification and Technical Analysis (ZITA) workgroup identified potential renewable resource hubs Hubs are meant to represent the highest quality resources in the Western Interconnect The size of the hub is proportional to its energy potential (GWh/yr) Each hub can have multiple resources depending on what is available Hub names provide the following information on state and relative location in the state. Examples: NV_WE: Nevada West BC_WC: British Columbia West Central NM_EA: New Mexico East

Most Economic WREZ Resources Page - 13 Resource Key Hydro Wind Biomass Solar PV Solar Thermal Geothermal Hydro Wind Biomass Solar PV Solar Thermal Geothermal Hydro Wind Biomass Solar PV Solar Thermal Geothermal Hydro Wind Biomass Solar PV Solar Thermal Geothermal Note: Color represents the dominant resource in the Hub. The GTM model was run with “base case” assumptions to identify the most economic resources to meet PGE’s renewable demand These are shown as the colored circles at right (“Hubs”) Additional detail provided in the following slides Guide

Supply Curves of All WREZ Resources and Top 100 TWh of Resources * Page - 14 Guide Page - 14 All WREZ in WECC Most economic resources, detailed on next slide * Supply curves do not include local, non-WREZ resources

Most Economic Resources Identified to Meet Renewables Demand: Individual Resources, Sorted by Cost Guide Page - 15 Note: Under cumulative, the generation column (GWh/yr) is the running total of the resources identified as most economic; the next column shows the corresponding percentage of 2030 load.

Most Economic Resources Identified to Meet Renewables Demand: Summary by Area, Sorted by Cost Page - 16 Click here for Maps of Each Area *This column shows the Adjusted Delivered Cost of Energy weighted by the energy share of each resource in the resource area (e.g. share of wind Class 7 in California West). Only resources identified as most economic are included in the calculation. Guide

Utilities That May be Interested in Similar Resource Areas Greater Potential Interest Indicated by Filled Circles Guide Percentage of Hub Energy Identified as “Most Economic” for a Given Utility

Utilities That May be Interested in Similar Resource Areas Greater Potential Interest Indicated by Filled Circles (cont.) Guide Percentage of Hub Energy Identified as “Most Economic” for a Given Utility Page - 18

Annual Average Hourly Profiles in WREZ With Most Generation From That Resource Page - 19 Guide

Comparison to Local Resources Page - 20

Potential Resources in PGE Service Territory Transmission Lines Exist- ing Founda- tional Poten- tial Size (kV) DC Page - 21 LSE Service Areas Guide Legend Symbols not to Scale

Potential Wind and Solar PV Resources in PGE Territory Page - 22 Guide See guide for important notes and assumptions

Economic Analysis of Local Resources in Service Territory Page - 23 Guide WREZ Resources (Previous Supply Curve)(Previous Supply Curve) Economics of Local Resources

Maps of Top WREZ Resource Areas for PGE Page - 24

Oregon West Potential Resources MILES Eugene W&E PGE PacifiCorp Eugene W&E Transmission Lines Exist- ing Founda- tional Poten- tial DC Size (kV) LSE Service Areas Guide

Washington South Potential Resources MILES PacifiCorp Avista Idaho Power Company Puget Sound Energy, Inc. PGE Eugene W&E Transmission Lines Exist- ing Founda- tional Poten- tial DC Size (kV) LSE Service Areas Guide

Oregon Northeast Potential Resources MILES PacifiCorp Puget Sound Energy, Inc. Avista PacifiCorp Avista Idaho Power Company NorthWestern Corp. Transmission Lines Exist- ing Founda- tional Poten- tial DC Size (kV) LSE Service Areas Guide

Oregon South Potential Resources MILES Avista PacifiCorp Sierra Pacific Power Co PG&E Idaho Power Company Transmission Lines Exist- ing Founda- tional Poten- tial DC Size (kV) LSE Service Areas Guide

Page - 29 Slide-by-Slide Guide

Guide: Renewables Demand Renewables demand is generally determined for two scenarios RPS goals in % renewables in 2030* The gross renewables demand is calculated by the renewable percentage times the relevant load forecast (based on public information) If existing and under-construction renewables are quantified, these are subtracted from the gross demand to determine the net renewables demand Net renewables demand is used as a “mile-marker” to indicate the rough renewables needed for the utility The 33% by 2030 scenario is used as the basis for the analysis in the presentation (tables, charts, etc.) Page - 30 Guide This slide shows a table which roughly indicates how much renewable energy the utility might be interested in under future scenarios. *For California utilities, 2030 total demand is shown

Guide: GTM Resource Cost Determination Busbar Cost – levelized cost of energy considering capital cost, O&M, fuel costs, heat rate (biomass), incentives, net plant output, gen-tie costs, capacity factor, economic life, discount rate, inflation, and financing costs. Detailed ZITA resource assumptions: (8MB) Transmission Cost – levelized cost of delivering the energy from the resource to load area including losses. For the purposes of this model, all resources are assumed to require new transmission, costs for which are estimated based on a 500 kV single-circuit ac line operating at 50% utilization Integration Cost – Indirect operation cost to the transmission system to accommodate the generation from the project into the grid. Starting point assumptions are provided in the model, but a user can change the integration cost for each technology. Wind - $5/MWh, solar thermal - $2.50/MWh, solar photovoltaic - $2.50/MWh, all others - $0/MWh Energy Value – represents the value of a resource’s hourly output to the load zone – i.e. the load zone’s marginal cost. Energy values were developed by Black & Veatch based on 2015 market forecast ($2009) using the ProMod production cost model. Capacity Value – capacity value represents the fractional avoided carrying costs of simple cycle combustion turbine. A capacity credit fraction is calculated for each project based on its operation during peak periods (top 10% of load hours). Page - 31 Guide Click here for full description of methodology and assumptions: Click here for full description of methodology and assumptions:

Guide: WREZ Resources Page - 32 Guide Environmental exclusions Example resource Transmission Resource Hub

Guide: Supply Curve of WREZ Resources Page - 33 Guide This slide shows all of the WREZ resources in the Western Interconnection (upper right hand corner), sorted from lowest to highest adjusted delivered cost. The top 100 TWh of resources are shown in the large supply curve. Two demand lines are shown on this chart (dashed red lines). One for a 2020 RPS target (if applicable), and a second representing 33% of 2030 load (total load for California utilities). The resources to the left of the lines represent the most economic resources for that scenario.

Guide: Most Economic Resource Tables Page - 34 Guide This slide lists all of the individual WREZ resources identified as most economic to meet a 33 percent renewable energy target. Each resource represents a “step” in the supply curve shown on the previous page. The resources are listed in ascending order from lowest to highest cost. Generation is tracked on a cumulative basis so that the renewable penetration running total can be tracked. This slide summarizes the information in the previous table by technology and by resource area. The resources are listed in ascending order from lowest to highest cost.

Page - 35 Guide Guide: Utility Comparison Matrix Percentage of Hub Energy Identified as “Most Economic” for a Given Utility While other utilities may be interested in this zone, it is most economic for APS All California utilities may be interested in this zone, including some with significant interest. This indicates potential for competition and/or collaboration This zone is common to APS and SRP. A shared transmission solution may be economic This slide compares the most economic resource areas for all utilities. The symbols represent the potential “interest” * level of a utility in an area. This is measured by the percentage of the resource area’s total resources that are identified as economic for a utility. Greater potential interest is indicated by filled circles. For example, 9,700 GWh of California West resources are identified as being economic resources to meet PG&E renewable targets. The total potential resources in California West are 59,000 GWh/yr, meaning PG&E’s interest is 16%. Per the key, the quarter-filled circle is displayed. This slide allows a quick comparison of potential transmission collaboration or resource competition. Some examples are shown below. *For the purposes of this discussion, “interest” means that the resource has been identified by the model as being potentially economic. It does not imply actual interest by the utility.

Guide: Annual Average Hourly Profiles Page - 36 Guide This slide shows the output profiles of the largest WREZs (by generation) identified as economic for the 33% by 2030 scenario. The profiles are compared to the energy price profile for the utility. Average annual diurnal profiles are provided for price and capacity factor. The purpose of this chart is to be able to compare the relative “fit” between the output of the resources and the need (as expressed by energy value) of the utility. In the example below, the flash-based geothermal project provides a baseload resource available 24 hours a day. The wind resource is more variable, but still peaks near when energy prices are highest. It is important to note that there are seasonal variations in these data as well, not shown below. The GTM model considers a 12 month by 24 hour profile when making energy and capacity value calculations (more detailed GTM methodology and assumptions provided here).more detailed GTM methodology and assumptions provided here).

Guide: Utility Service Area Map Showing Local Resources Maps are provided for the utility service area to show local and nearby WREZ renewable resources (if any). The maps show the renewable resources in relation to other features, including land exclusions, other utility service areas, and transmission lines. Key features of the maps are identified below. Page - 37 Resource legend Transmission line types Wind resources Geothermal resource Solar resources Hydro resources Exclusions: lands removed from consideration for development due to environmental restrictions (e.g., wilderness area), or other land use constraints (urban areas) Potential transmission line Existing transmission line Guide

Guide: Potential Local Resources General Assumptions The estimates represent total potential and do not account for existing resources that have already been developed. Estimates do not consider constraints on the transmission or distribution system. Local resources were quantified in a manner consistent with the evaluation of larger WREZ resources: Wind: quantified Class 3 and higher wind on land that has not been excluded for environmental or other land use reasons. Only included land outside of WREZ hubs. Assumed 25% of the resulting land could be developed. Assumed 5 MW/km 2 development density. Solar: Estimate is just a rough indication of potential based on the geographic size of the utility service territory. Quantified total area of utility service territory. Assumed 1% of this land could be developed. Assumed 38 MW/km 2 development density. Unlike wind, did not account for environmental exclusions or larger WREZ resources. Page - 38 Guide This slide quantifies potential local resources (solar PV and wind), based on a high-level GIS analysis. Utilities may supplement this with their own knowledge about other resources, including biomass, hydro and geothermal. The intent is to show how local resources might complement or compete with more distant resources.

Guide: Local Resource Economics General Assumptions Costs are based on utility-scale local resources (>20 MW) and consider generic performance typical for the service territory. Wind assumptions: $2,200/kW capital cost Capacity factor is based on the wind class, as quantified on the previous slide. Class 3 (32%), class 4 (36%), class 5 (39%), class 6 (42%), class 7 (46%). Solar PV assumptions: Thin film, fixed tilt technology $3800/kW capital cost (ac basis) capacity factor determined based on location Page - 39 Guide This slide compares the economics of potential local solar and wind resources (table on left) to the WREZ resources previously identified (supply curve on right). The intent is to show how local resources might complement or compete with more distant resources. Quantities of local resources are not definitive, so this chart just indicates where the relative cost of local resources lies compared to distant resources. An important caveat is that the local resources do not include the cost of transmission and distribution upgrades, which are unknown. As such, the economics shown here should be considered a best case scenario for local resources.

Guide: WREZ Resource Maps Maps are provided for each WREZ resource area identified as having high economic potential. The maps show the renewable resources in relation to other features, including land exclusions, utility service areas, and transmission lines. Key features of the maps are identified below. Page - 40 Mini-map showing selected hub and surrounding areas Transmission line types For California areas, any overlapping Competitive Renewable Energy Zones (CREZs) from the Renewable Energy Transmission Initiative are identified (map).Renewable Energy Transmission Initiativemap Wind resources Geothermal resources Solar resources WREZ area of interest Exclusions: lands removed from consideration for development due to environmental restrictions (e.g., wilderness area), or other land use constraints (urban areas) Example foundational transmission line Guide Resource legend

Guide: Transmission Line Types Existing: Operating lines 230 kV and higher Foundational: transmission projects that have a very high probability of being in service in a 10-year timeframe and are an assumed input into WECC’s year transmission plan Potential: transmission projects that have been identified in WECC Subregional Planning Group 10-year plans but do not meet the foundational transmission project criteria Page - 41 Existing FoundationalPotential DC Size (kV) Guide