14 The Autonomic Nervous System
A synonym for the autonomic nervous system reflects its major function A synonym for the autonomic nervous system reflects its major function. The synonym is ______. the peripheral nervous system the central nervous system the involuntary nervous system the somatic nervous system Answer: c. the involuntary nervous system © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
A synonym for the autonomic nervous system reflects its major function A synonym for the autonomic nervous system reflects its major function. The synonym is ______. the peripheral nervous system the central nervous system the involuntary nervous system the somatic nervous system Answer: c. the involuntary nervous system © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3
Regulation of heart rate at low normal levels is achieved by the ______. parasympathetic division sympathetic division somatic division both A and B Answer: a. parasympathetic division © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Regulation of heart rate at low normal levels is achieved by the ______. parasympathetic division sympathetic division somatic division both A and B Answer: a. parasympathetic division © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 5
How is it possible that norepinephrine can cause vasoconstriction in one location but vasodilation in another? Sometimes norepinephrine is released by the parasympathetic nervous system, which causes relaxation. Receptor types differ in these tissues. Norepinephrine is not released by the parasympathetic nervous system. It can't: Its actions are predictable no matter the tissue. Answer: b. Receptor types differ in these tissues. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
How is it possible that norepinephrine can cause vasoconstriction in one location but vasodilation in another? Sometimes norepinephrine is released by the parasympathetic nervous system, which causes relaxation. Receptor types differ in these tissues. Norepinephrine is not released by the parasympathetic nervous system. It can't: Its actions are predictable no matter the tissue. Answer: b. Receptor types differ in these tissues. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 7
Which of the following sets of conditions accurately describes the anatomy of the parasympathetic nervous system? Thoracolumbar origin; long preganglionic fibers; ganglia in visceral effector organs Craniosacral origin; short preganglionic fibers; ganglia in visceral effector organs Craniosacral origin; long preganglionic fibers; ganglia in visceral effector organs Thoracolumbar origin; short preganglionic fibers; ganglia close to the spinal cord Answer: c. Craniosacral origin; long preganglionic fibers; ganglia in visceral effector organs © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following sets of conditions accurately describes the anatomy of the parasympathetic nervous system? Thoracolumbar origin; long preganglionic fibers; ganglia in visceral effector organs Craniosacral origin; short preganglionic fibers; ganglia in visceral effector organs Craniosacral origin; long preganglionic fibers; ganglia in visceral effector organs Thoracolumbar origin; short preganglionic fibers; ganglia close to the spinal cord Answer: c. Craniosacral origin; long preganglionic fibers; ganglia in visceral effector organs © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 9
The majority of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are housed within which cranial nerve? Vagus Glossopharyngeal Facial Trigeminal Answer: a. Vagus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The majority of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are housed within which cranial nerve? Vagus Glossopharyngeal Facial Trigeminal Answer: a. Vagus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 11
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers exit the spinal cord via the _______ and pass through the _______ to enter the _______. lateral horns; posterior vagal trunk; plexus ventral root; rami communicantes; sympathetic trunk ganglia dorsal root; lateral horns; vagal trunk rami communicantes; sympathetic trunk ganglia; ventral root Answer: b. ventral root; rami communicantes; sympathetic trunk ganglia © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers exit the spinal cord via the _______ and pass through the _______ to enter the _______. lateral horns; posterior vagal trunk; plexus ventral root; rami communicantes; sympathetic trunk ganglia dorsal root; lateral horns; vagal trunk rami communicantes; sympathetic trunk ganglia; ventral root Answer: b. ventral root; rami communicantes; sympathetic trunk ganglia © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 13
In general, sympathetic innervation of visceral organs via the lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves inhibits the activity of these organs. This is logical because _____. sympathetic input primes the body to enter a resting state sympathetic input is always inhibitory parasympathetic innervation is lacking from this area sympathetic activity primes the body for physical activity and temporarily shuts down noncritical body activities Answer: d. sympathetic activity primes the body for physical activity and temporarily shuts down noncritical body activities © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
In general, sympathetic innervation of visceral organs via the lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves inhibits the activity of these organs. This is logical because _____. sympathetic input primes the body to enter a resting state sympathetic input is always inhibitory parasympathetic innervation is lacking from this area sympathetic activity primes the body for physical activity and temporarily shuts down noncritical body activities Answer: d. sympathetic activity primes the body for physical activity and temporarily shuts down noncritical body activities © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 15
Predict the outcome of an experiment in which adrenal medulla cells are treated with nicotine. Blood levels of acetylcholine increase. Blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine decrease. The adrenal medulla is inhibited by nicotine. Blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine increase. Answer: d. Blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine increase. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Predict the outcome of an experiment in which adrenal medulla cells are treated with nicotine. Blood levels of acetylcholine increase. Blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine decrease. The adrenal medulla is inhibited by nicotine. Blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine increase. Answer: d. Blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine increase. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 17
Asthma patients suffer from attacks in which bronchiole smooth muscle constricts, making it hard to breathe. Albuterol, a common asthma medication, works via which of the following steps? Binds to 2-adrenergic receptors to enhance vasodilation Binds to nicotinic receptors and inhibits epinephrine release Binds to and stimulates muscarinic receptors Binds to 2-adrenergic receptors to inhibit vasodilation Answer: a. Binds to 2-adrenergic receptors to enhance vasodilation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Asthma patients suffer from attacks in which bronchiole smooth muscle constricts, making it hard to breathe. Albuterol, a common asthma medication, works via which of the following steps? Binds to 2-adrenergic receptors to enhance vasodilation Binds to nicotinic receptors and inhibits epinephrine release Binds to and stimulates muscarinic receptors Binds to 2-adrenergic receptors to inhibit vasodilation Answer: a. Binds to 2-adrenergic receptors to enhance vasodilation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 19
Which area of the body receives no innervation by the parasympathetic nervous system? Heart Lung bronchioles Bladder Sweat glands Answer: d. Sweat glands © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which area of the body receives no innervation by the parasympathetic nervous system? Heart Lung bronchioles Bladder Sweat glands Answer: d. Sweat glands © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 21
The sympathetic division is involved in which of the following processes? Regulating blood pressure Increasing glucose metabolism Decreasing urinary output All of the above Answer: d. All of the above © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
The sympathetic division is involved in which of the following processes? Regulating blood pressure Increasing glucose metabolism Decreasing urinary output All of the above Answer: d. All of the above © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 23
At the top of the autonomic nervous system hierarchy, the ______ controls most of the autonomic nervous system functions via the reticular formation. thalamus hypothalamus limbic system pituitary gland Answer: b. hypothalamus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
At the top of the autonomic nervous system hierarchy, the ______ controls most of the autonomic nervous system functions via the reticular formation. thalamus hypothalamus limbic system pituitary gland Answer: b. hypothalamus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 25
Through the process of ______, seemingly involuntary activities can be voluntarily controlled. hypnosis biology biofeedback involuntary control Answer: c. biofeedback © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Through the process of ______, seemingly involuntary activities can be voluntarily controlled. hypnosis biology biofeedback involuntary control Answer: c. biofeedback © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 27
Which of the following homeostatic imbalances of the ANS is a life-threatening condition involving uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons? Autonomic dysreflexia Raynaud's disease Hypertension Orthostatic hypotension Answer: a. Autonomic dysreflexia © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following homeostatic imbalances of the ANS is a life-threatening condition involving uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons? Autonomic dysreflexia Raynaud's disease Hypertension Orthostatic hypotension Answer: a. Autonomic dysreflexia © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 29