INTD 51 human environments building systems

heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC) maintain a comfortable indoor climate control temperature and humidity remove odors, dust and pollen replace stale air with fresh air from outside the building

heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC) without these systems most building could not be used in fact, most buildings almost entirely rely on these systems to regulate the indoor climate—no operable windows

heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC) heating systems may be fueled by: coal oil gas electricity solar energy gas, electric & solar systems are the most environmentally friendly

heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC) air conditioning is accomplished by compressors or chilled water that use the same ducts or pipes used for heating

heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC) residential heating systems generally are hot air systems that use electric blowers to move heated air through ducts to the spaces within the building larger buildings are generally heated by gas- or oil-fired hot water systems—the fuel heats the water in a boiler and the water is pumped to radiators

heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC) the purpose of a ventilation system is to introduce fresh air into the building and to reduce the odors caused by the activities within the structure amount of ventilation required depends on the items contributing to odors: body odor clothing furniture dust mechanical devices restrooms

heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC) ventilation is provided by blowers that force air through ducts to the conditioned spaces

heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC) air is filtered and conditioned by some type of air-handling unit some designed to serve a single area such as a commercial kitchen or a welding area in a factory

heating/ventilation/air-conditioning (HVAC)

water/sewage disposal potable (drinkable) water is distributed within a building by pipes sized to produce the amount of flow required separate systems are required for cold water and hot water

water/sewage disposal as building is planned, provisions are made to provide ways to install the pipe both horizontally on each floor and vertically between floors

water/sewage disposal

sewage disposal system removes fluid waste and organic matter to protect the occupants of the building composed of a network of large-diameter pipes that must carry the waste horizontally on each floor to vertical soil stacks which carry it to drain below the building

water/sewage disposal drain connects to the public sewer or to some form of a septic tank

water/sewage disposal drain connects to the public sewer or to some form of a septic tank

water/sewage disposal in small buildings the system can be run below the ground-level floor and between the floor joists on floors at the second-floor level large, multistory commercial buildings have to provide space on the floor for running the plumbing

electrical the HVAC and lighting systems within a building require electrical power to function other heavy demands for electrical power depend upon the activities that are to take place within the building

electrical estimating the amount of electrical service required and planning the actual layout require a knowledge of the design solutions of all the factors involving a need for electricity

electrical provision must be made for the location of switchgear within the building disconnect switches secondary switches circuit breakers fuses

electrical electrical room must be well-ventilated so the heat generated can be exhausted from the room switchgear may be located outdoors if it is housed in metal, waterproof cabinets designed for this purpose

electrical

fire protection required to provide protection of the structure and its contents against damage by fire and to protect occupants from injury or death

fire protection

selection of materials and traffic patterns within the structure are critical consideration of how to prevent movement of a fire within a building is mandatory: A/C ducts require dampers to prevent flow of smoke roof must be able to vent smoke and gases opening between stories must have automatic closing devices fire walls and doors

fire protection

sound and signal typical signal systems include: doorbells public television intercoms music fire alarms security systems telephone closed-circuit television clocks

sound and signal extensive signal systems are computer controlled as building is planned, space must be provided on various levels for installing equipment plans must be made for running cables within floors and between floors

sound and signal typical distribution systems include the use of: conduit boxes various raceway systems some are in or just below the floor large buildings may require a room just for installation of terminals

mechanical transportation systems systems to transport people and materials within a building include: elevators escalators moving sidewalks ramps location and number needed for the occupancy of the building need to be carefully considered