HUMPHRY REPTON Invented the term “Landscape Gardener” Repton sought to design lively, human-scaled landscape that united house and garden.

Humphrey Repton, page 3 from “Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening,” 1795

“HA-HA” A deep ditch surrounding the grounds of an 18th- or 19th- century English manor house, intended to keep animals out and built to be invisible from the house so as not to interrupt the view.

Humphrey Repton, “Lathom,” before (top) and after (bottom)

Humphrey Repton, Tatton Park, before (top) and after (bottom)

Humphrey Repton, “Wentworth,” before (top) and after (bottom)

A.W.N. Pugin, Contrasts, or, A Parallel between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, and Similar Buildings of the Present Day; Showing the Present Decay of Taste, 1836 “On comparing the Architectural Works of the present Century with those of the Middle Ages, the wonderful superiority of the latter must strike every attentive observer.”

A.W.N. Pugin, Contrasts, or, A Parallel between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, and Similar Buildings of the Present Day; Showing the Present Decay of Taste, 1836

A.W.N. Pugin,”Ideal Parish Church in Gothic Revival,” 1833

A.W.N. Pugin,”Table” and “Cross,” 1850s

A.W.N. Pugin, “Wallpaper Designs for the Houses of Parliament,” 1848 Charles Barry, “Houses of Parliament,” London, ENGLAND,

ARTS and CRAFTS MOVEMENT An artistic movement that was a reaction to Eclecticism and the mass production of the Industrial Revolution Design ideas were: simplicity of form, without superfluous decoration, often exposing the construction

John Ruskin, The Seven Lamps of Architecture, 1849

William Morris ( ), wallpaper designs,

William Morris ( ), carpet designs,

William Morris ( ), stained glass designs, 1870s

William Morris ( ), furniture designs, 1870s

Philip Webb and William Morris, “The Red House,” Bexleyheath, ENGLAND, 1859

“THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT” Planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts, containing carefully balanced areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Ebenezer Howard: “To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform” (1898) and “Garden Cities of To-morrow” (1902)

Ebenezer Howard, “Garden City Concept: The Three Magnets,” 1898

Ebenezer Howard, “Garden City Concept: A Group of Slumless Smokeless Cities,” 1898

Ebenezer Howard, “Garden City Concept,” 1898

Ebenezer Howard, “Garden City Concept: Detail of a Ward” 1898

Barry Parker & Raymond Unwin, “Letchworth Garden City,” Hertfordshire, ENGLAND, 1902 poster from 1925

Barry Parker & Raymond Unwin, “Letchworth Garden City,” detail Hertfordshire, ENGLAND, 1902

Barry Parker & Raymond Unwin, “Letchworth Garden City,” Hertfordshire, ENGLAND, 1902 center square with garden and poplar trees instead of civic buildings

Barry Parker & Raymond Unwin, “Letchworth Garden City,” Hertfordshire, ENGLAND, 1902 a central street

Barry Parker & Raymond Unwin, “Letchworth Garden City,” Hertfordshire, ENGLAND, 1902 a central shopping street

Barry Parker & Raymond Unwin, “Nothing Gained by Overcrowding – The Value of Perimeter Block Housing,” 1912

Barry Parker & Raymond Unwin, “Bird’s Hill Neighborhood, Letchworth” 1906 (left) and “Pixmore Neighborhood, Letchworth” 1907 (right)

Barry Parker & Raymond Unwin, “Rushby Mead Neighborhood, Letchworth” 1912

At the end of this lecture you are expected to have learnt: 1. Architectural and social reactions to industrialization 2. Different attitudes to nature in the age of the Enlightenment and the industrial revolution