Combined Heat and Power https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Carbon footprint - Of heat and various combined heat and power schemes, heat pumps, etc. The previous table gives the carbon footprint per kilowatt-hour of electricity generated, which is about half the world's man-made CO2 output. The CO2 footprint for heat is equally significant and research shows that using waste heat from power generation in combined heat and power district heating, chp/dh has the lowest carbon footprint. much lower than micro-power or heat pumps. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

District heating - District heat from combined heat and power or simple combustion Additionally a cogeneration plant (also called combined heat and power, CHP) is often added in parallel with the boilers https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

District heating - District heat from combined heat and power or simple combustion In the case of a fossil fueled cogeneration plant, the heat output is typically sized to meet half of the peak heat load but over the year will provide 90% of the heat supplied. The boiler capacity will be able to meet the entire heat demand unaided and can cover for breakdowns in the cogeneration plant. It is not economic to size the cogeneration plant alone to be able to meet the full heat load. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

District heating - District heat from combined heat and power or simple combustion The combination of cogeneration and district heating is very efficient energy use|energy efficient. A simple thermal power station can be 20–35% efficient, whereas a more advanced facility with the ability to recover waste heat can reach total energy efficiency of nearly 80%. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

District heating - District heat from combined heat and power or simple combustion Waste heat from nuclear power plants is sometimes used for district heating. The principles for a conventional combination of cogeneration and district heating applies the same for nuclear as it does for a thermal power station. Russia has several cogeneration nuclear plants which together provided 11.4 PJ of district heat in 2005. Russian nuclear district heating is planned to nearly triple within a decade as new plants are built. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

District heating - District heat from combined heat and power or simple combustion Other nuclear-powered heating from cogeneration plants are in the Ukraine, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Switzerland, producing up to about 100MW per power station. One use of nuclear heat generation was with the Ågesta Nuclear Power Plant in Sweden closed in 1974. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

District heating - District heat from combined heat and power or simple combustion In Switzerland, the Beznau Nuclear Power Plant provides heat to about 20,000 people.SUGIYAMA KEN'ICHIRO (Hokkaido Univ.) et al. [http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200607 /000020060706A0175205.php Nuclear District Heating: The Swiss Experience] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power 'Micro combined heat and power' or 'micro-CHP' is an extension of the now well established idea of cogeneration to the single/multi family home or small office building. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Overview A micro-CHP system is a small heat engine (power plant) which provides all the power for an individual building; HVAC|heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, mechanical energy and electric power https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Overview However, it is not practical to transport heat long distances, due to heat loss from the pipes. Since electricity can be transported practically, it is more efficient to generate the electricity near where the waste heat can be used. So in a micro-combined heat and power system (micro-CHP), small power plants are instead located where the secondary heat can be used, in individual buildings. Micro-CHP are defined by the EC as being of less than 50kW electrical power output. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Overview In a central power plant, the supply of waste heat may exceed the local heat demand. In such cases, if it is not desirable to reduce the power production, the excess waste heat must be disposed in e.g. cooling towers or sea cooling without being used. A way to avoid excess waste heat is to reduce the fuel input to the CHP plant, reducing both the heat and power output to balance the heat demand. In doing this, the power production is limited by the heat demand. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Overview CHP systems are able to increase the total energy utilization of primary energy sources, such as fuel and concentrated solar thermal energy. Thus CHP has been steadily gaining popularity in all sectors of the energy economy, due to the increased costs of fuels, particularly oil-based fuels, and due to environmental concerns, particularly climate change. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Overview In a traditional power plant delivering electricity to consumers, about 30% of the heat content of the primary heat energy source, such as biomass, coal, solar thermal, natural gas, petroleum or nuclear power|uranium, reaches the consumer, although the efficiency can be 20% for very old plants and 45% for newer gas plants https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Overview CHP systems have benefited the industrial sector since the beginning of the industrial revolution https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Overview Delta-ee consultants stated in 2013 that with 64% of global sales the fuel cell micro-combined heat and power passed the conventional systems in sales in 2012.[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/1889744/fct_review_2013.pdf The fuel cell industry review 2013] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Overview PEMFC fuel cell mCHP operates at low temperature (50 to 100 °C) and needs high purity hydrogen, its prone to contamination, changes are made to operate at higher temperatures and improvements on the fuel reformer https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Overview CHP systems linked to absorption chillers can use waste heat for refrigeration.[http://www.fchea.org/core/import/PDFs/CHP%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf Fuel Cells and CHP] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Micro-CHP systems In many cases industrial CHP systems primarily electricity generation|generate electricity and heat is a by-product; micro-CHP systems in homes or small commercial buildings are controlled by heat-demand, delivering electricity as the by-product. When used primarily for heat in circumstances of fluctuating electrical demand, micro-CHP systems will often generate more electricity than is instantly being demanded. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Micro-CHP systems To date, micro-CHP systems achieve much of their savings, and thus attractiveness to consumers, through a generate-and-resell or net metering model wherein home-generated power exceeding the instantaneous in-home needs is sold back to the electrical utility https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Micro-CHP systems Another positive to net-metering is the fact that it is fairly easy to configure https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Micro-CHP systems While net-metering is a very efficient mechanism for using excess energy generated by a micro-CHP system, it does have detractors https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Micro-CHP systems In an evaluation from 2008 by Claverton Energy Group, Stirling engined micro CHP was deemed the most cost effective of the various microgeneration technologies in abating carbon in the UK.[http://www.claverton-energy.com/what-is-microgeneration.html What is microgeneration? Jeremy Harrison, Claverton Energy Group Conference, Bath, Oct 24th 2008] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Micro-CHP systems A 2013 UK report from Ecuity Consulting stated that MCHP is the most cost-effective method of utilising gas to generate energy at the domestic level.[http://www.ecuity.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/The-role-of-micro-CHP-in-a-smart-energy-world.pdf The role of micro CHP in a smart energy world][http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/31489/micro-chp-report-powers-heated-discussion-about-uk-energy-future/ Micro CHP report powers heated discussion about UK energy future] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Engine types and technologies Micro-CHP engine systems are currently based on several different technologies: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Engine types and technologies * Internal combustion engines https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Engine types and technologies * Steam engines (using either the traditional water or Organic Rankine cycle|organic chemicals such as refrigerants) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Fuels and engine types The majority of cogeneration systems use natural gas for fuel, because natural gas burns easily and cleanly, it can be inexpensive, it is available in most areas and is easily transported through pipelines, which already exist for many homes https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Fuels and engine types The future of combined heat and power, particularly for homes and small businesses, will continue to be affected by the price of fuel, including natural gas. As fuel prices continue to climb, this will make the economics more favorable for energy conservation measures, and more efficient energy use, including CHP and micro-CHP. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Fuels There are many types of fuels and sources of heat that may be considered for micro-CHP https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Engines External combustion engines can run on any high-temperature heat source. These engines include the Stirling engine, hot gas turbocharger, steam engine. Both range from 10%-20% efficiency, and as of 2008, small quantities are in production for micro-CHP products. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Engines Other possibilities include the Organic Rankine cycle, which operates at lower temperatures and pressures using low-grade heat sources https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Thermoelectrics Thermoelectric generators operating on the Seebeck Effect show promise due to their total absence of moving parts. Efficiency, however, is the major concern as most thermoelectric devices fail to achieve 5% efficiency even with high temperature differences. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - CPVT This can be achieved by Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector, another option is 'Concentrated photovoltaics and thermal' ('CPVT'), also sometimes called 'combined heat and power solar' ('CHAPS'), is a cogeneration technology used in concentrated photovoltaics that produce both electricity and heat in the same module. The heat may be employed in district heating, water heating and solar cooling|air conditioning, desalination or process heat. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - CPVT CPVT systems are currently in production in Europe, with Zenith Solar developing CPVT systems with a claimed efficiency of 72%. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - CPVT Sopogy produces a micro CSP|Concentrated solar system (microCSP) system based on parabolic trough which can be installed above building or homes, the heat can be used for water heating or solar air conditioning, a steam turbine can also be installed to produce electricity. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - CHP+PV The recent development of small scale CHP systems has provided the opportunity for in-house power backup of residential-scale photovoltaic (PV) arrays.J. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - CHP+PV Pearce, “Expanding Photovoltaic Penetration with Residential Distributed Generation from Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic + Combined Heat and Power Systems”, Energy '34', pp https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - CHP+PV In some regions, in order to reduce waste from excess heat, an absorption chiller has been proposed to utilize the CHP-produced thermal energy for cooling of PV-CHP system.A. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Japan The largest deployment of micro-CHP is in Japan in 2009 where over 90,000 units in place, with the vast majority being of Hondas ECO-WILL type.[ http://www.igu.org/html/wgc2009/papers/docs/wgcFinal00801.pdf Micro CHP in Japan] Six Japanese energy companies launched the 300W–1kW PEMFC/SOFC ENE FARM [ http://www.jemmytex.com.tw/d_pdf/3-Tokyo%20Gas-Performance%20of%20residential%20Stationary%20PEM%20FC%20in%20actual%20and%20daily%20use%20for%20years.pdf Japan 2005-2008 mchp][ http://www.ballard.com/files/pdf/Spec_Sheets/FCgen-1030V3_docmetrics.pdf FCgen-1030V3] product in 2009, with 3,000 installed units in 2008, a production target of 150,000 units for 2009–2010 and a target of 2,500,000 units in 2030.[ http://www.tokyo-gas.co.jp/tgminutes/64.pdf ENE FARM residential fuel cells launched] Per December 2012 Panasonic and Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - South Korea In South Korea subsidies will start at 80 percent of the cost of a domestic fuel cell.,.[http://www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2248391/south-korea-unveils-80-per-cent South Korea unveils 80 per cent subsidy for domestic fuel cells] The Renewable portfolio standard program with Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)|renewable energy certificates runs from 2012 to 2022.[http://www.fuelcellseminar.com/media/5505/kim_10_19_2010.pdf RD status and prospects on fuel cells in Korea] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - South Korea Quota systems favor large, vertically integrated generators and multinational electric utilities, if only because certificates are generally denominated in units of one megawatt-hour https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - South Korea Ljubljana Conference on the Future of GHG Emissions Trading in the EU, March 2008. Salzburg, Austria: University of Salzburg. Retrieved 16 March 2009 at: www.uni-salzburg.at/politikwissenschaft/lauber https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - South Korea Around 350 residential mCHP units where installed in 2012.[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/1713685/fct_review_2012.pdf The fuel cell industry review 2012] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - South Korea PEMFC by GS Group|GS FuelCell,[http://gsfc.en.ec21.com/Small_Stationary_Fuel_Cell_System--5432929.html GS Fuelcell Co., Ltd] FuelCell Powers CellVille,[http://www.fuelcellpower.co.kr/eng/index.php FuelCell Power] Hyundai Hysco, IHI Corporation|IHI and Hyosung,[http://www.hyosungpni.com/eng/product/GreenEnergy/FuelCellSystem/RND1kWLowTemperaturePEMFCSystem.jsp Hyosung’s 1kW low temperature PEMFC System] SOFC by KEPRI,[http://www.kepri.re.kr/ Kepri] LS Group|LS Industrial Systems (from ClearEdge Power), Samsung Everland (ClearEdge Power), Molten carbonate fuel cell|MCFC by POSCO Energy (FuelCell Energy) [http://www.iphe.net/docs/Events/Japan_3-11/2%20Park_KOGAS.pdf 2009-Initial stage of commercialization of residential fuel cells in Korea] and Doosan Heavy Industries Construction|Doosan. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Europe The European public–private partnership Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative|Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development|Seventh Framework Programme project ene.field deploys in 2017[http://www.fch-ju.eu/sites/default/files/documents/sga2012/Presentation%20Fiona%20Riddoch-%20Session%20II.pdf 5th stakeholders general assembly of the FCH JU] up 1,000 residential fuel cell Combined Heat and Power (micro-CHP) installations in 12 states https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Germany In Germany, 3,000 ecopower micro-CHP units have been installed, using the U.S https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - The Netherlands The micro-CHP subsidy was ended in 2012. To test the effects of mCHP on a smart grid, 45 natural gas SOFC units (each 1,5 kWh) from Republiq Power (Ceramic Fuel Cells) will be placed on Ameland in 2013 to function as a virtual power plant. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - UK It is estimated that about 1,000 micro-CHP systems were in operation in the UK as of 2002 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - UK The market is supported by the government through regulatory work, and some government research money expended through the Energy Saving Trust and The Carbon Trust|Carbon Trust, which are public bodies supporting energy efficiency in the UK.[http://www.chpa.co.uk/events/2006/national_conference/presentations/1400%20Ian%20Stares.pdf CHP–The microgeneration boom?] Effective as of 7 April 2005, the UK government has cut the VAT from 20% to 5% for micro-CHP systems, in order to support demand for this emerging technology at the expense of existing, less environmentally friendly technology https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - UK Two fuel cell varieties of mCHP co-generation units are almost ready for mainstream production and are planned for release to commercial markets in early in 2014. With the UK Government's Feed-In-Tariff available for a 10 year period, a wide uptake of the technology is anticipated.[http://www.ecolocker.co.uk/micro-combined-heat-and-power-mchp.html] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - United States In 2007, the United States company Climate Energy of Massachusetts introduced the Freewatt,[http://www.cdhenergy.com/presentations/Freewatt%20Report%20-%20October2011.pdf ANnalysis of data collected for the Freewatt microCHP system in Syracuse, NY] a micro-CHP system based on a Honda MCHP engine bundled with a gas furnace (for warm air systems) or boiler (for hydronic or forced hot water heating systems) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - United States Trenergi Corp, Massachusetts, an early stage company, in June 2010, announced its Trion residential, high-temperature (300 F) micro-CHP that operates on both gas and oil, demonstrating combined heat and electrical power efficiencies of up to 90%. Their first products will be 1, 3, and 5kW units.[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100614005214/en/Trenergi-Completes-Cleantech-Residential-CHP-Solution-Proof Trenergi completes Cleantech residential CHP solution proof of concept] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Research Testing is underway in Ameland, the Netherlands for a three year field testing until 2010 of HCNG were 20% hydrogen is added to the local Compressed natural gas|CNG distribution net, the appliances involved are kitchen stoves condensing boilers and micro-CHP boilers.[http://corporateuk.eneco.nl/outlook_and_strategy/innovation/Pages/ThenewHReboiler.aspx Micro-CHP][http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterstofvereniging.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fopinie-ameland.htmlsl=nltl=enhl=enie=UTF-8 Ameland Field testing] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Research Micro-CHP Accelerator, a field trial performed between 2005 and 2008, studied the performance of 87 Stirling engine and internal combustion engine devices in residential houses in the UK. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Research This study found that the devices resulted in average carbon savings of 9% for houses with heat demand over 54 GJ/year. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Research An ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) paper fully describes the performance and operating https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Research and Power units which were in operation from 1979 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Research The first unit was an automatic coal fired steam electric https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Research 1979, operating with a steam turbine-generator for two https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Research years, and was modified with a reciprocating uniflow expander https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Research functioned reliably, with only four forced outages during https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Research the four years of operation. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Research EXPERIENCE WITH EARLY DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Fossil-fuel power station - Combined heat and power Combined heat and power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, is the use of a power station to provide both electric power and process heat or district heating https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Vegetable oil fuel - Combined heat and power A number of companies offer diesel engines|compressed ignition engine generators optimized to run on plant oils where the waste engine heat is recovered for heating. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Low-carbon economy - Combined Heat and Power Cogeneration|Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is a technology which by allowing the more efficient use of fuel will at least reduce carbon emissions; should the fuel be biomass or biogas or hydrogen used as an energy store then in principle it can be a zero carbon option. CHP can also be used with a nuclear reactor as the energy source, there are examples of such installations in the far North of the Russian Federation. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Biomass heating system - Combined heat and power Combined heat and power systems are very useful systems in which wood waste, such as wood chips, is used to generate power, and heat is created as a byproduct of the power generation system https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Biomass heating system - Combined heat and power There are certain situations where CHP is a good option. Wood product manufacturers would use a combined heat and power system because they have a large supply of waste wood, and a need for both heat and power. Other places where these systems would be optimal are hospitals and prisons, which need energy, and heat for hot water. These systems are sized so that they will produce enough heat to match the average heat load so that no additional heat is needed, and a cooling tower is not needed. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Stationary fuel cell applications - Micro combined heat and power Micro combined heat and power , 'mCHP' or 'Micro cogeneration is a so-called Distributed Energy Resource|distributed energy resource (DER) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Stationary fuel cell applications - Micro combined heat and power Delta-ee consultants stated in 2013 that with 64% of global sales the fuel cell micro-combined heat and power passed the conventional systems in sales in 2012.[ http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/media/1889744/fct_review_2013.pdf The fuel cell industry review 2013] 20.000 units where sold in Japan in 2012 overall within the Ene Farm project https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Refrigeration cycle - Comparison with Combined Heat and Power (CHP) A heat pump may be compared with a CHP unit, in that for a condensing steam plant, as it switches to produced heat, then electrical power is lost or becomes unavailable, just as the power used in a heat pump becomes unavailable https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

District heating - District heat from combined heat and power or simple combustion Additionally a cogeneration plant (also called combined heat and power, CHP) is often added in parallel with the boilers https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power 'Micro combined heat and power' or 'micro-CHP' is an extension of the idea of cogeneration to the single/multi family home or small office building. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - CHP+PV Pearce, “Expanding Photovoltaic Penetration with Residential Distributed Generation from Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic + Combined Heat and Power Systems”, Energy '34', pp https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Japan The largest deployment of micro-CHP is in Japan in 2009 where over 90,000 units in place, with the vast majority being of Hondas ECO-WILL type.[http://www.igu.org/html/wgc2009/papers/docs/wgcFinal00801.pdf Micro CHP in Japan] Six Japanese energy companies launched the 300W–1kW PEMFC/SOFC ENE FARM [http://www.jemmytex.com.tw/d_pdf/3-Tokyo%20Gas-Performance%20of%20residential%20Stationary%20PEM%20FC%20in%20actual%20and%20daily%20use%20for%20years.pdf Japan 2005-2008 mchp][http://www.ballard.com/files/pdf/Spec_Sheets/FCgen-1030V3_docmetrics.pdf FCgen-1030V3] product in 2009, with 3,000 installed units in 2008, a production target of 150,000 units for 2009–2010 and a target of 2,500,000 units in 2030.[http://www.tokyo-gas.co.jp/tgminutes/64.pdf ENE FARM residential fuel cells launched] Per December 2012 Panasonic and Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - South Korea PEMFC by GS Group|GS FuelCell,[http://gsfc.en.ec21.com/Small_Stationary_Fuel_Cell_System--5432929.html GS Fuelcell Co., Ltd] FuelCell Power (now Doosan),[http://www.fuelcellpower.co.kr/eng/index.php FuelCell Power] Hyundai Hysco, IHI Corporation|IHI and Hyosung,[http://www.hyosungpni.com/eng/product/GreenEnergy/FuelCellSystem/RND1kWLowTemperaturePEMFCSystem.jsp Hyosung’s 1kW low temperature PEMFC System] SOFC by KEPRI,[http://www.kepri.re.kr/ Kepri] LS Group|LS Industrial Systems (from ClearEdge Power), Samsung Everland (ClearEdge Power), Molten carbonate fuel cell|MCFC by POSCO Energy (FuelCell Energy) [http://www.iphe.net/docs/Events/Japan_3-11/2%20Park_KOGAS.pdf 2009-Initial stage of commercialization of residential fuel cells in Korea] and Doosan Heavy Industries Construction|Doosan. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Germany In Germany, 3,000 ecopower micro-CHP units have been installed, using the U.S https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Research for an additional two years operation. The unit https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Woodchips - Micro Combined heat and power Wood is occasionally used to power engines, such as steam engines, Stirling engines, and Otto engines running on woodgas https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Overview PEMFC fuel cell mCHP operates at low temperature (50 to 100°C) and needs high purity hydrogen, its prone to contamination, changes are made to operate at higher temperatures and improvements on the fuel reformer https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC *Per December 2012 Panasonic and Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. sold about 21,000 PEM Ene-Farm units in Japan for a price of $22,600 before installation.[http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/2013/01/en130117-5/en130117-5.html Launch of new 'Ene-Farm' home fuel cell product more affordable and easier to install][http://panasonic.co.jp/ap/FC/en_doc03_02.html Features of the Panasonic household fuel cell] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC *Toshiba and Osaka Gas Co Ltd / Nichigas[http://www.nichigas.co.jp/en/appliances/enefarm.html Nichigas Ene Farm] installed 6,500 PEM ENE FARM units (manufactured by Chofu Seisakusho Co Ltd[http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20111223/202951/?ST=english_PRINT Toshiba revamps 'Ene Farm' residential fuel cell] ) per nov 2011.[http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20111223/202951/ Toshiba revamps 'Ene Farm' residential fuel cell] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - SOFC *In the middle of 2012 JX Nippon Oil Co.Sanyo and Seibu Gas Energy Co sold around 4000 SOFC Ene Farm units.[http://www.fcdic.com/eng/news/201208.pdf The latest news number 196, 2012 FCDIC ] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - SOFC *Aisin Seiki in combination with Osaka Gas, Kyocera, Toyota and Chofu Seisakusho started in April 2012 with the sales of the SOFC ENE-FARM Type S for around $33,500 before installation.[http://www.robaid.com/tech/ene-farm-type-s-most-efficient-residential-use-solid-oxide-fuel-cell.htm ENE-FARM Type S] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - South Korea *PEMFC by GS Group|GS FuelCell,[http://gsfc.en.ec21.com/Small_Stationary_Fuel_Cell_System--5432929.html GS Fuelcell Co., Ltd] FuelCell Power, [http://www.fuelcellpower.co.kr/eng/index.php FuelCell Power] Hyundai Hysco, IHI Corporation|IHI and Hyosung,[http://www.hyosungpni.com/eng/product/GreenEnergy/FuelCellSystem/RND1kWLowTemperaturePEMFCSystem.jsp Hyosung’s 1kW low temperature PEMFC System] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - South Korea *SOFC by KEPRI,[http://www.kepri.re.kr/ Kepri] LS Group|LS Industrial Systems (from ClearEdge Power), Samsung Everland (ClearEdge Power). https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - South Korea *Molten carbonate fuel cell|MCFC by POSCO Energy (FuelCell Energy) [http://www.iphe.net/docs/Events/Japan_3-11/2%20Park_KOGAS.pdf 2009-Initial stage of commercialization of residential fuel cells in Korea] and Doosan Heavy Industries Construction|Doosan. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - South Korea *PAFC Doosan Fuel Cell America https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Germany In Germany, 3,000 ecopower micro-CHP units have been installed, using the U.S https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - SOFC *Ceramic Fuel Cells installs until 2014 up to 100 SOFC units under the SOFT-PACT[http://www.fch-ju.eu/project/solid-oxide-fuel-cell-micro-chp-field-trials Solid oxide fuel cell micro-CHP field trials] project with E.ON in Germany and the UK. A factory in Heinsberg, Germany for the production of SOFC based micro-CHP units started in June 2009 to produce 10,000 two-kilowatt units per year.[http://peakenergy.blogspot.com/2008/03/cogeneration-at-home-ceramic-fuel-cells.html Ceramic fuel cells] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - SOFC *Vaillant Group|Vaillant (Sunfire SOFC[http://www.sunfire.de/en Sunfire]) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - UK It is estimated that about 1,000 micro-CHP systems were in operation in the UK as of 2002 https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC In early 2012 less than 1000 1 kWe Baxi-Innotech [http://www.baxi-innotech.de/ BAXI-Innotech] PEM micro-CHP units from BDR Thermea where installed [http://www.cospp.com/articles/print/volume-13/issue-3/features/micro-chp-japan-continues-to-lead-as-fuel-cells-units-emerge.html Micro-CHP Japan continues to lead as fuel cell units emerge] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - SOFC *A Ceres Power factory in Horsham UK for the production of SOFC based micro-CHP units is expected to start low-volume production in the second half of 2009.[http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/4212/ceres-power-signs-fuel-cell-chp-assembly-deal-with-daalderop/ Ceres Power signs fuel cell CHP assembly deal with Daalderop] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

NGK - Micro combined heat and power NKG is a manufacturer of SOFC fuel cell micro combined heat and power units in the range 700W - 1 Kw.[http://www.fuelcellseminar.com/media/5101/hrd34-3_nishijima.pdf Development of SOFC for residential use] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Combined Heat and Power Association The 'Combined Heat and Power Association' is an energy organisation based in the United Kingdom. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Combined Heat and Power Association - Structure It is situated on Dean Farrar Street, near St. James Park Underground station. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Combined Heat and Power Association - Members Members of the CHPA include: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Combined Heat and Power Association - Members * University of Warwick https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Combined Heat and Power Association - Function It supports companies involved in cogeneration, which is sometimes referred to as district heating, whereby waste heat from power generation is used for heating. Smaller units are referred to as Micro combined heat and power|MicroCHP. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Combined Heat and Power Association - Function Many CHP schemes in the UK are found in hotels, hospitals, universities and leisure centres. The largest CHP plant in Europe is the Immingham Power Station. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Combined Heat and Power Association - History It was founded in 1967 as the District Heating Association. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power 'Micro combined heat and power' or 'micro-CHP' is an extension of the idea of cogeneration to the single/multi family home or small office building in the range 0,3 - 50 Kilowatt|kW. Local generation has a higher efficiency as it lacks the 8-10 % energy losses when transporting electricity over long distances and the 10-15 % energy losses on long distance heat transfer due to the difference between the hot energy carrier (water) and the colder external environment. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Overview In many cases CHP systems primarily electricity generation|generate electricity and heat is a by-product; micro-CHP systems in homes or small commercial buildings are controlled by heat-demand, delivering electricity as the by-product. When used primarily for heat in circumstances of fluctuating electrical demand, micro-CHP systems will often generate more electricity than is instantly being demanded. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Overview CHP systems linked to absorption chillers can use waste heat for refrigeration.[https://www1.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/pdfs/tri-generation_fountainvalley.pdf Tri-Generation success story] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Technologies * Steam engine/Steam motor (using either the traditional water or Organic Rankine cycle|organic chemicals such as refrigerants) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Fuel cell micro-CHP Fuel cells generate electricity and heat as a by product. The advantages for a stationary fuel cell applications|stationary fuel cell application over stirling CHP are no moving parts, less maintenance, and quieter operation. The surplus electricity can be delivered back to the grid.[http://www.orbit.dtu.dk/files/10492422/FCCHP_LV.pdf Integration of fuel cell micro-CHPs on low voltage grid: A Danish case study] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Fuel cell micro-CHP As an example, a PEMFC fuel cell based micro-CHP has an electrical efficiency of 37% Lower heating value|LHV and 33% Higher heating value|HHV and a heat recovery efficiency of 52% LHV and 47% HHV with a service life of 40,000 hours or 4000 start/stop cycles which is equal to 10 year use. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Fuel cell micro-CHP In 2013 Service life|Lifetime is around 60,000 hours. For PEM fuel cell units, which shut down at night, this equates to an estimated lifetime of between ten and fifteen years.[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/analysis/analyst-views/2013/13-02-27-latest-developments-in-the-ene-farm-scheme Latest developments in the Ene-Farm scheme] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Fuel cell micro-CHP United States Department of Energy|United States Department of Energy (DOE) Technical Targets: 1–10kW residential combined heat and power fuel cells operating on natural gas.[http://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/distributedstationary-fuel-cell-systems DOE Distributed/Stationary fuel cell systems] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Fuel cell micro-CHP |Start-up time from 20°C ambient temperature||60 min ||45 min ||30 min ||20 min https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - CPVT CPVT systems are currently in production in Europe,[http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2008/11/researchers-explore-hybrid-concentrated-solar-energy-system-53981 Renewable Energy World-Researchers explore hybrid concentrated solar energy system] with Zenith Solar developing CPVT systems with a claimed efficiency of 72%. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Japan The largest deployment of micro-CHP is in Japan in 2009 where over 90,000 units in place, with the vast majority being of Honda's ECO-WILL type.[http://www.kgu.or.kr/download.php?tb=bbs_017fn=wgcFinal00305.pdfrn=wgcFinal00305.pdf Micro CHP in Japan] Six Japanese energy companies launched the 300W–1kW PEMFC/SOFC ENE FARM [http://www.jemmytex.com.tw/d_pdf/3-Tokyo%20Gas-Performance%20of%20residential%20Stationary%20PEM%20FC%20in%20actual%20and%20daily%20use%20for%20years.pdf Japan 2005-2008 mchp][http://www.ballard.com/files/pdf/Spec_Sheets/FCgen-1030V3_docmetrics.pdf FCgen-1030V3] product in 2009, with 3,000 installed units in 2008, a production target of 150,000 units for 2009–2010 and a target of 2,500,000 units in 2030.[http://www.tokyo-gas.co.jp/tgminutes/64.pdf ENE FARM residential fuel cells launched] 20,000 units where sold in 2012 overall within the Ene Farm project making an estimated total of 50,000 PEMFC and up to 5,000 SOFC installations.[http://www.iea.org/publications/insights/insightpublications/IEAJapanScorecardMASTERFINALdraft_060913_AF.pdf The IEA CHP and DHC Collaborative] For 2013 a state subsidy for 50,000 units is in place https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC *Per December 2012, Panasonic and Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd. sold about 21,000 PEM Ene-Farm units in Japan for a price of $22,600 before installation.[http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/2013/01/en130117-5/en130117-5.html Launch of new 'Ene-Farm' home fuel cell product more affordable and easier to install][http://panasonic.co.jp/ap/FC/en_doc03_02.html Features of the Panasonic household fuel cell] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC *Toshiba and Osaka Gas Co., Ltd./Nichigas[http://www.nichigas.co.jp/en/appliances/enefarm.html Nichigas Ene Farm] installed 6,500 PEM ENE FARM units (manufactured by Chofu Seisakusho Co., Ltd,[http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20111223/202951/?ST=english_PRINT Toshiba revamps 'Ene Farm' residential fuel cell] ) per November 2011.[http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20111223/202951/ Toshiba revamps 'Ene Farm' residential fuel cell] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - SOFC *In the middle of 2012, Nippon Oil|JX Nippon Oil Co. Sanyo and Seibu Gas Energy Co. sold around 4,000 SOFC Ene Farm units.[http://www.fcdic.com/eng/news/201208.pdf The latest news number 196, 2012 FCDIC ] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - SOFC *NGK is a manufacturer of 700W-1 Kw mCHP units.[http://www.fuelcellseminar.com/media/5101/hrd34-3_nishijima.pdf Development of SOFC for residential use] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - SOFC *Miura Kogyo[http://www.miuraz.co.jp/en/ Miura] and Sumitomo Precision Products with a 4.2 Kw unit. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - SOFC *Toto Ltd.[http://www.fuelcellseminar.com/media/9333/a399_1.pdf Toto Ltd] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - South Korea In South Korea, subsidies will start at 80 percent of the cost of a domestic fuel cell.[http://www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2248391/south-korea-unveils-80-per-cent South Korea unveils 80 per cent subsidy for domestic fuel cells] The Renewable portfolio standard|Renewable Portfolio Standard program with Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)|renewable energy certificates runs from 2012 to 2022.[http://www.fuelcellseminar.com/media/5505/kim_10_19_2010.pdf RD status and prospects on fuel cells in Korea] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - South Korea *PEMFC by GS Group|GS FuelCell,[http://gsfc.en.ec21.com/Small_Stationary_Fuel_Cell_System--5432929.html GS Fuelcell Co., Ltd] FuelCell Power,[http://www.fuelcellpower.co.kr/eng/index.php FuelCell Power] Hyundai Hysco[https://www.hysco.com/eng/product/fuel_cell01.aspx Hyundai Hysco] Joint venture|JV with Plug Power, IHI Corporation|IHI and Hyosung,[http://www.hyosungpni.com/eng/product/GreenEnergy/FuelCellSystem/RND1kWLowTemperaturePEMFCSystem.jsp Hyosung’s 1kW low temperature PEMFC System] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Germany In Germany, 3,000 ecopower micro-CHP units have been installed, using the U.S https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC *Viessmann (Panasonic)[http://www.fcdic.com/eng/news/201311.pdf Number 211-2013 FDIC -Viesmann-Panasonic] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC *Elcore,[http://www.elcomax.com/ Elcore - Elcomax ] a 300W addon.[http://www.fuelcelltoday.com/analysis/analyst-views/2013/13-08-14-handling-the-cost-of-residential-fuel-cells Handling the cost of residential fuel cells] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC *Tropical (vehicles)|Tropical [http://www.tropical.gr/products/fuel-cell-power-generators/1kw-hydrogen-fc-power-generator.html Tropical] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC *Riesaer Brennstoffzellentechnik GmbH (Inhouse Engineering)[http://www.inhouse-engineering.de/de/brennstoffzellensysteme/produkte/PEM-Brennstoffzellenstacks-von-1-5kW/ Inhouse] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - SOFC *Center for Fuel Cell Technology (ZBT) (Nippon Oil|JX Nippon)[http://www.zbt-duisburg.de/en/meta-menu/news-anzeige-eng/article/deutsch-japanisches-kooperationsprojekt/ ZBT] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - SOFC *Vaillant Group|Vaillant (Sunfire/Staxera)[http://www.sunfire.de/en Sunfire] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - SOFC *Buderus/Junkers - Bosch Thermotechnik (Aisin Seiki)[http://enefield.eu/field-trials/installations/first-buderus-ene-field-fuel-cell-system-successfully-tested-in-single-family-home/ Buderus Logapower FC10 energy centre supplies both heat and electricity] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - PEMFC *In early 2012 less than 1000 1 kWe Baxi-Innotech [http://www.baxi-innotech.de/ BAXI-Innotech] PEM micro-CHP units from BDR Thermea where installed [http://www.cospp.com/articles/print/volume-13/issue-3/features/micro-chp-japan-continues-to-lead-as-fuel-cells-units-emerge.html Micro-CHP Japan continues to lead as fuel cell units emerge] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Denmark The Danish mCHP project 2007 to 2014 with 30 units is on the island of Lolland and in the western town Varde.[http://www.fuelcellseminar.com/assets/pdf/2008/tuesday/DEM23-2_AHPederson.ppt.pdf Demonstration of micro CHP based on Danish fuel cells] Denmark is currently part of the Ene.field project. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - United States *AFC Doosan Fuel Cell America https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

Micro combined heat and power - Research Testing is underway in Ameland, the Netherlands for a three year field testing until 2010 of HCNG were 20% hydrogen is added to the local Compressed natural gas|CNG distribution net, the appliances involved are kitchen stoves, condensing boilers, and micro-CHP boilers.[http://corporateuk.eneco.nl/outlook_and_strategy/innovation/Pages/ThenewHReboiler.aspx Micro-CHP][http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterstofvereniging.nl%2Fnieuws%2Fopinie-ameland.htmlsl=nltl=enhl=enie=UTF-8 Ameland Field testing] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-combined-heat-and-power-toolkit.html

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