 Book + laptop  Group Discussion (~5) › Different questions will be given.  Presentation/ attendance  Debate  Research support hours  Home  Names

 Physical  Cognitive  Social/personality Lifeline activity

 Group 1  In what ways do children grow during the school years, and what factors influence their growth?  What are the nutritional needs of school-age children, and what are some causes and effects of improper nutrition?( )

Slow and Steady – it is not unusual for children in middle childhood to vary as much as 6-7 inches in height Girls shorter and lighter until about age 9 Lower portion of body growing fastest Bones lengthen Muscles very flexible All permanent teeth arrive

Children receiving more nutrients have more energy and feel more self-confident

 Group 2  What are the characteristics of motor development during middle childhood, and what advantages do improved physical skills bring?  What sorts of health threats do school-age children face?( )

Gross Motor Skills Improvements: › Flexibility › Balance › Agility › Force Fine Motor Skills Gains: › Writing › Drawing

Gross motor skills- muscle coordination improves so children can better learn to ride bikes, skate, skip rope, and swim Fine motor skills- Myelin in the brain increases significantly from 6-8 years old so skills such as cursive writing or using a keyboard are easier to master

Obesity is defined as body weight more than 20% above average for a person of similar height and age. At least 13% of US children are obese – a proportion that has tripled since the 1960s Genetic and social characteristics?

Overweight parents  Low SES-Socioeconomic status (Minority women with low income appear to have the greatest likelihood of being overweight. Among Mexican American women, age 20 to 74, the rate of overweight is about 13 percent higher for women living below the poverty line versus above the poverty line.) Parents’ feeding practices Low physical activity Television Cultural food environment

 Group 3  What safety threats affect school-age children, and what can be done about them?  What sorts of special needs manifest themselves in the middle childhood years, and how can they be met? Children with Special needs ( )  Sensory Difficulties  Learning Disabilities  ADHD

Asthma Vision – Myopia (short-sighted) Hearing - Otitis media (middle ear infection) Malnutrition Illnesses Injuries Obesity

Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by periodic attacks of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath

Auto accidents rank as the most frequent source of injury to children between the ages of 5 and 9. Fires, burns, drowning, and gun-related deaths follow in frequency.

Visual impairment – difficulties in seeing that may include blindness or partial sightedness. Auditory impairment – a special need that involves the loss of hearing or some aspect of hearing. Speech impairment – speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or produces maladjustment in the speaker. Stuttering – substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech; the most common speech impairment.

Learning disabilities – difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) It is a learning disability marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and a great deal of inappropriate activity.

 It comes down to just a few simple guidelines:  Don't communicate with strangers online and never agree to meet in person.  Tell a parent or another adult if a stranger contacts you in a chat room or through or text messaging.  Don't enter contests, join clubs, or share your personal information for any reason, unless your mom or dad says it's OK. Personal information includes your name, address, age, phone number, birthday, address, where you go to school, and other facts about you.

 Group 4  In what ways do children develop cognitively during the years of middle childhood?  Intellectual Development  Recall Piaget’s theory

 0-2 Sensorimotor  2-6 Preoperational  6-12 Concrete operations  Formal operation

 Conservation  Seriation  Classification  Transitivity - Understanding of the relationships between the lengths of three rods.

 Seriation : Can order a cluster of objects according to a particular feature (e.g., can arrange classmates in a line according to their heights).

 2-D Classification : Can order/group single objects using 2 simultaneous dimensions

 Reversibility : Can mentally undo a physically performed action.

 Physical objects remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance. (Formally, an object remains the same until something- like mass-is added or taken away). Even when objects appear to change visually (as in the five examples below), the concrete operation of conservation says that the object continues to "conserve" itself.  Conservation of mass/substance Age 6 Play-doe problem  Conservation of length Age 6 Parallel lines problem  Conservation of number Age 7 Row of spread-out (in a line) of marbles/coins  Conservation of weight Age 7 Play-doe problem  Conservation of liquids/volume Age 7-8 Water glass problem  Conservation of area Age 9-10 Scattered barns on the horse's farm problem

Rural Australian Aborigine children trail their urban counterparts in the development of their understanding of conservation.

 Group 5  The Information Processing Approach  Language Development  Illiteracy Rates for Women and Men

 The information-processing view considers the psychological activities that allow children to deal with new information  The Information-Processing view can be modeled using › The flowchart  Specifies an input and an output, with processing in between › The computer  Starts with input, has programmed conversions, and has multiple outputs

Memory is the process by which information is recorded, stored, and retrieved. Metamemory is an understanding about the processes that underlie memory that emerges and improves during middle childhood.

Keyword Strategy Rehearsal Organization of information into coherent patterns.

The average 6 year old has a vocabulary of 8,000-14,000 words and increases another 5,000 words by age 11 Metalinguistic awareness is an understanding of one’s own use of language Bilingualism – the ability to speak two languages

Stage 0 – birth to first grade – identification of letters Stage 1 – first and second grade – starts reading Stage 2 – second and third grade – reads aloud fluently Stage 3 – fourth to eighth grade – uses reading as a means for learning Stage 4 – eight grade and beyond – understands reading in terms of multiple points of view

The capacity to 1. understand the world, 2. think rationally, 3. and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.

Alfred Binet originated the intelligence test at the turn of the 20 th century Mental age – the typical intelligence level found for people of a given chronological age Chronological age – a person’s age according to the calendar Intelligence quotient (IQ) – a score that expresses the ratio between a person’s mental and chronological ages IQ = MA CA X 100

Fluid intelligence – the ability to deal with new problems and situations Crystallized intelligence – the store of information, skills, and strategies that people have acquired through education and prior experiences and through their previous use of fluid intelligence

Eight independent intelligences Emphasizes education required to transform raw potential Helpful to understand children's special talents

Linguistic Logico- mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Naturalist Interpersonal Intrapersonal

Mental retardation – a significantly sub-average level of intellectual functioning that occurs with related limitations in two or more skill areas Mild retardation – retardation with IQ scores in the range of 50 or 55 to 70 Moderate retardation – retardation with IQ scores around 35 or 40 to 50 or 55 Severe retardation - retardation with IQ scores around 20 or 25 to 35 or 40 Profound retardation – retardation with IQ scores below 20 or 25

Gifted and Talented: showing evidence of high performance capability in intellectual, creative, or artistic areas, in leadership capacity, or in specific academic fields Acceleration: the provision of special programs that allow gifted students to move ahead at their own pace, even if this means skipping to higher grade levels Enrichment: an approach whereby gifted students are kept at grade level but are enrolled in special programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study The Specially Gifted