2. The Growing BodyMotor Development and SafetyChildren With Special Needs

3. See How We Grow! Slow but steady… Height changes Weight changes Only time in lifespan when, on average, girls taller than boys Variations of 6 inches in height between children of the same age are not unusual and are well within normal ranges.

4. Cultural Patterns of Growth Sufficient or insufficient nutrition Disease Genetic inheritance Familial stress Children in poorer areas of cities such as Kolkata, Hong Kong, and Rio de Janeiro are smaller than their counterparts in affluent areas of the same cities.

5. Benefits of Adequate Nutrition Relationship to social and emotional functioning More peer involvement More positive emotions Less anxiety More eagerness to explore new environments More persistent in frustrating situations Generally higher energy levels

6. Obesity Most common causes: –Genetic factors –Lack of physical activity –Unhealthy eating patterns –Combination of these factors Only in rare cases is being overweight caused by a medical condition such as a hormonal problem.

7. Fat of the Land The percentage of children and adolescents who are overweight has increased dramatically in the last 4 decades Source: Fryar, C. D., Carroll, M. D., & Ogden, C. L. (2012).

8. In middle childhood, height and weight increase gradually. Differences in height and weight are influenced by both genetic and social factors. Adequate nutrition promotes physical and cognitive development, while overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle may lead to obesity.

9. Due to the sudden changes taking place during this stage, it is not uncommon in middle school to see children of the same age who are 6 to 7 inches apart in height. True False

10. Which of the following is NOT a long-term outcome associated with childhood obesity? a. cognitive deficits b. being overweight as adults c. greater risk of heart disease d. higher prevalence of diabetes

11. What are some aspects of U.S. culture that may contribute to obesity among school-age children?

12. Motor Development

13. During Middle Childhood Children master many types of skills that earlier they could not perform well, such as riding a bike, ice skating, swimming, and skipping rope. Is this the same for children of other cultures?

14. Gross Motor Skills Developed from 6 and 12 Years

15. Do boys and girls differ in motor skills? Gender differences in gross motor skills became increasingly pronounced during middle childhood –Boys outperform girls –Little or no difference when equal participation in exercise/activities –Influenced by societal expectations

16. Fine Motor Development Necessary for wide range of school- related tasks Influenced by increase in amount of myelin  speeds up electrical impulses between neurons

17. Health and School-agers Middle childhood is period of robust health Routine immunizations have produced considerably lower incidence of life- threatening illnesses. More than 90 percent of children in middle childhood have at least one serious medical condition, but most are short term illnesses.

18. Asthma Asthma is among the diseases that have shown a significant increase in prevalence over the last several decades. More than 15 million U.S. children suffer from the disorder, and worldwide the number is more than 150 million. Racial and ethnic minorities are particularly at risk for the disease.

19. Accidents Motor vehicles Bikes Fires and burns Drowning Gun- related deaths

20. Safety in Cyberspace Newest threat to the safety of school-age children Do you software or computer chips to screen offensive Internet content is a practical idea? Are such controls the best way to keep children safe in cyberspace?

21. Psychological Disorders

22. Identifying the Problem Psychological disorders in children overlooked for years –Incidence –Symptoms inconsistent from those of adults –Antidepressant drugs used for treatment have never been approved by governmental regulators for use with children

23. Drugs As Treatment FOR Depression and other psychological disorders treated successfully using drug More traditional nondrug therapies that largely employ verbal methods are simply ineffective AGAINST Long-term effectiveness of antidepressants with children not known Use of antidepressants on developing brains and long- term consequences more generally not known Correct dosages for children of given ages or sizes not known

24. Depression Key defining features of major depressive disorder in children and adolescents are same as they are for adults Way symptoms are expressed varies with developmental stage of child

25. Gross motor skills continue to improve during the school years. Muscular coordination and manipulative skills advance to near-adult levels. Threats to safety include accidents, a result of increased independence and mobility, and unsupervised access to cyberspace.

26. One explanation for the advances in fine motor skills during middle school involves the increase in the amount of ______________ in the brain. a. myelin b. neurons c. genes d. gray matter

27. When it comes to school-age children and injuries associated with accidents, which of the following statements is true? a. The number of accidents occurring in the school-age years is significantly fewer than in earlier years. b.Girls are significantly more likely to be injured in accidents than are boys. c. There is no relationship between gender and the prevalence of injuries associated with accidents. d. Boys are significantly more likely than girls to be injured.

28. How would you design an experiment to examine the roots of gender differences in gross motor skills? What impediments would you encounter in doing so?

29. Children with Special Needs Visual impairments Auditory impairments Speech impairments Learning disabilities

30. Do you see what I see? Difficulties in seeing Blindness (20/200 after correction) Partial sightedness (20/70 after correction) Legal criterion Pertains solely to distance vision, while most school tasks require close-up vision Does not consider abilities in the perception of color, depth, and light, either—all of which might influence a student’s success

31. Say what? Loss of hearing or some aspect of hearing Affects 1 to 2 percent of school-age children Varies across number of dimensions Auditory impairments can produce both academic and social difficulties, a may lead to speech difficulties.

32. Children Who Do Not Hear Children with speech-language impairment have an impairment of their speech and/or language structures and functions Parts of the body used in speaking and understanding — the brain, nerves, mouth and throat — may be damaged or not developing or working properly Level of speech-language impairment can range from mild to severe Impairment may be obvious before school or not show itself until the child has difficulty learning at school

33. Stuttering Substantial disruption in rhythm and fluency of speech Most common speech impairment; 20 percent of all children go through stage No clear-cut answers to the causes of stuttering

34. What are the most common signs of ADHD? Persistent difficulty in finishing tasks, following instructions, and organizing work Inability to watch an entire television program Frequent interruption of others or excessive talking Tendency to jump into a task before hearing all the instructions Difficulty in waiting or remaining seated Fidgeting, squirming

35. Brains of Children with ADHD The brains of children with ADHD (in the top row) show less thickening of the cortex compared the brains of typical children at the same age. Source: Shaw et al., 2007.

36. ADHD Treatment Controversy Ritalin or Dexadrine reduce activity levels in hyperactive children and are routinely prescribed. –Effective in increasing attention span and compliance BUT side effects considerable and long-term health consequences unclear –Help scholastic performance in short run BUT long-term evidence for continuing improvement is mixed

37. Keeping Children Fit Make exercise fun. Gear activities to the child’s physical level and motor skills. Be an exercise role model. Encourage the child to find a partner. Start slowly. Urge participation in organized sports activities, but do not push too hard. Don’t make physical activity, such as jumping jacks or push-ups, a punishment for unwanted behavior. Provide a healthy diet.

38. Many school-age children have special needs, relating to vision, hearing, and speech that can impact their social relationships and school performance. Learning disabilities include difficulties in acquiring and using language, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder poses attention, organization, and activity problems for 3% to 5% of school-age children.

39. ______________, the most common speech impairment, involves a substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech. a. Telegraphic speech b. Stuttering c. Private speech d. Fast mapping

40. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), according to the American Academy of Pediatrics, is marked by all of the following symptoms, EXCEPT ______________. a. tendency to lie b. a low tolerance for frustration c. inattention d. impulsiveness

41. If hearing is associated with abstract thinking, how do people who were born deaf think?