By Markus Apel

1. Definition ► Nationalism is a political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms, i.e. a nation ► It can be a belief that citizenship in a state should be limited to one ethnic, cultural, religious, or identity group, or that multinationality in a single state should necessarily comprise the right to express and exercise national identity even by minorities

2. History ► In Europe before the development of nationalism, people were generally loyal to a city or to a particular leader rather than to their nation ► Encyclopaedia Britannica identifies the movement's genesis with the late-18th century American Revolution and French Revolution; other historians point specifically to the ultra- nationalist party in France during the French Revolution

3. Varieties ► 3.1. Civic nationalism ► 3.2. Ethnocentrism ► 3.3. National purity ► 3.4. Left - wing nationalism ► 3.5. Territorial nationalism ► 3.6. Ultranationalism ► 3.7. Anti-colonial nationalism

Civic Nationalism?

► Civic nationalism (also known as liberal nationalism) defines the nation as an association of people who identify themselves as belonging to the nation, who have equal and shared political rights, and allegiance to similar political procedures

3.2. Ethnocentrism ► Ethnic nationalism or Ethnocentrism is a form of nationalism wherein the “nation" is defined in terms of ethnicity ► Whatever specific ethnicity is involved, ethnic nationalism always includes some element of descent from previous generations and the implied claim of ethnic essentialism, i.e. the understanding of ethnicity as an essence that remains unchanged over time

3.3. National purity ► Some nationalists exclude certain groups. Some nationalists, defining the national community in ethnic, linguistic, cultural, historic, or religious terms (or a combination of these), may then seek to deem certain minorities as not truly being a part of the 'national community' as they define it ► Sometimes a mythic homeland is more important for the national identity than the actual territory occupied by the nation

3.4. Left – wing nationalism ► Left-wing nationalism describes a form of nationalism officially based upon equality, popular sovereignty, and national self- determination ► It has its origins in the Jacobinism of the French Revolution

3.5. Territorial nationalism ► Territorial nationalists assume that all inhabitants of a particular nation owe allegiance to their country of birth or adoption ► Citizenship is idealized by territorial nationalist

3.6. Ultranationalism ► Ultranationalism is a zealous nationalism that expresses extremist support for one's nationalist ideals ► It is often characterized by authoritarianism ► Prevalent ultranationalism typically leads to or is the result of conflict within a state, and or between states, and is identified as a condition of pre-war in national politics ► In its extremist forms ultranationalism is characterized as a call to war against enemies of the nation/state

3.7. Anti-colonial nationalism ► This form of nationalism came about during the decolonialisation of the post war period ► It was a reaction mainly in Africa and Asia against being subdued by foreign powers ► Post-colonial national governments have been essentially indigenous forms of the previous imperial administration

4. Symbols of national identity ► national flags and national anthems are symbols of national identity ► they can be religious or political ► deep emotions are aroused

Links ► ► _La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg _La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg _La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg ► ► ► ► ► ► onalism_ jpg onalism_ jpg onalism_ jpg ► no1vO3Dsg/s1600/bismarck.jpg no1vO3Dsg/s1600/bismarck.jpg no1vO3Dsg/s1600/bismarck.jpg ► a667d45f970c-500wi a667d45f970c-500wi a667d45f970c-500wi ► kishArmy.jpg kishArmy.jpg kishArmy.jpg

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