1. Nationalism, Identity, and Citizenship
Turkey in the context of Globalization and Europeanization

2. Historical Origins of Turkish Nationalism
Millet system:
Ottoman Empire: multi-ethnic, multi-religious
identification and rights on the basis of religion
Identification of the Turkish nation with Islam
Nationalism and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
Competing identity projects:
Ottomanism
Pan-Turkism
Pan-Islamism

3. Evolution of Turkish nationalism
World War I and religious homogenization
Exit, deportation, and exchange of non-Muslims –decline from 20% to 2.5% of population
Entry of Muslims from Balkans
territorial nationalism confined to Anatolia
Perception of Anatolia as an indivisible territorial unit. Identity based on citizenship
1923 Lausanne Treaty
Minority rights to Armenians, Greeks, and Jews:
right to establish charitable religious, educational institutions
Right to use own language and exercise own religion

4. Evolution of Turkish Nationalism
Elements of ethnic nationalism
Discrimination against non-Muslim citizens
1937 Citizen Speak Turkish campaigns
1942 Property tax
6-7 September 1955 events
1930s: racial definitions of nation
Assimilation to state-espoused national identity model
Kurds: 1934 Resettlement Law
Alevis: state directorate of religion

5. Rise of Turkish nationalism in the 1990s
Globalization:
Use of cognitive resources available in popular common sense to make sense of a complex and changing world.
Re-configuration of political power fuels fear of disintegration- Sevres syndrome
Economic crisis- concern with survival
End of Cold War
Nationality conflicts in Balkans, Middle East, Caucasus
Minorities and human rights become diplomatic issues
Identity conflicts in Turkey

6. Forms of Turkish Nationalism
Official nationalism (Ataturk nationalism)
Tension between civic and ethnic nationalism
State-centered and controlled: ‘indivisible identity with nation and territory’
Pre-occupied with symbols and rituals
Kemalist nationalism (‘ulusculuk’)
Need for a Kemalist revision of official ideology
Popularize secularism
Anti-imperialist, anti-globalist rhetoric
Liberal neo-nationalism
Ability to attain standards of developed and wealthy countries
Economistic and consumerist perspective on modernization

7. Cola Turka

8. Forms of Turkish Nationalism
Turkist radical nationalism
Pan-Turkism: homeland is entire territory inhabited by people of Turkish descent
Fueled by the independence of Turkic republics, and later by Kurdish conflict
Normalization: Move to mainstream, middle-class
Islamist nationalism
Turkey as potential leader of Islamic world
Nostalgia for Ottoman past