Institut Teknologi Bandung W e e k 3 COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES COMPUTER COMPONENTS CPU INPUT DEVICES SECONDARY STORAGE PRIMARY STORAGE BUSES OUTPUT DEVICES COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

HOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATA BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not BYTE: Group of bits for one character EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 or 9 bits per byte) ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte) PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung EXAMPLES OF BYTES EBCDIC ASCII (assume even-parity system) C: 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1 A: 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0 T: 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1 Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung CPU & PRIMARY STORAGE CPU PRIMARY STORAGE DATA BUS ADDRESS BUS CONTROL BUS INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT SECONDARY STORAGE Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT RAM PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY ROM CLOCK Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung ALU & CONTROL UNIT ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU component performs logic and arithmetic operations CONTROL UNIT: CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of computer system * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung MACHINE CYCLE STEPS NEEDED FOR SINGLE INSTRUCTION PCs & OLDER MACHINES: Microseconds (millionth second) POWERFUL MACHINES: Nanoseconds (billionth second) * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung COMPUTER TIME # PER COMPARED NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND Millisecond .001 second thousand 15min 40 sec Microsecond .001 millisecond million 11.6 days Nanosecond .001microsecond billion 31.7 years Picosecond .001 nanosecond trillion 31,700 years * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung TYPES OF MEMORY RAM: Random Access Memory Dynamic: Changes thru processing Static: Remains constant (power on) ROM: Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) PROM: Program can be changed once EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light EEPROM: Electrically erasable * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Each location is a REGISTER Each location can hold data ADDRESSES IN MEMORY Each location is a REGISTER Each location can hold data 101 102 103 201 301 202 203 302 303 Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung MEMORY SIZE KILOBYTE (KT): 210 bytes... 1024 bytes MEGABYTE (MB): 210 KB... “million” bytes GIGABYTE (GB): 210 MB... “billion” bytes TERABYTE (TB): 210 GB... “trillion” bytes * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung MICROPROCESSOR VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU WORD LENGTH: Bits processed at one time MEGAHERTZ: One million cycles per second DATA BUS WIDTH: Bits moved between CPU & other devices REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC): Embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance speed MultiMedia eXtension (MMX): Enhanced Intel chip improves multimedia applications * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING Program CPU TASK 2 TASK 3 TASK 1 RESULT TASK 1 RESULT TASK 2 Program CPU MASSIVE PARALLEL COMPUTERS CAN HAVE THOUSANDS OF CPUs TO ATTACK LARGE COMPUTING PROBLEMS Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung SECONDARY STORAGE DISK TAPE OPTICAL STORAGE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE HARD DISK: Steel platter array for large computer systems RAID: Redundant array of Inexpensive Disks FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk for PC * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK) DISK PACK STORAGE LARGE SYSTEMS RELIABLE STORAGE LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE TYPICAL: 11 2-sided disks CYLINDER: Same track all surfaces * CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK) DISK 1 DISK 2 DISK 3 DISK 4 DISK 5 READ/WRITE HEADS Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung TRACKS AND SECTORS TRACKS EACH TRACK HOLDS SAME AMOUNT OF DATA START OF TRACKS DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0 SECTOR Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung OPTICAL STORAGE CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES LAND: Flat parts of disk surface reflects light PITS: small scratch on surface scatters light WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM): CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable CD-RW: CD - Rewritable DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, up to 10 gigabytes of data * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung MAGNETIC TAPE STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool) RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10 records per block) GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAP RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME * HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3 Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS INEXPENSIVE STORED IN SAFE LOCATION CAN BE REUSED * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN) HIGH-SPEED NETWORK CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICES TAPE LIBRARIES DISK ARRAYS STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER: 3rd party rents storage space * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES POINTING DEVICES SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION OUTPUT DEVICES * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung POINTING DEVICES: KEYBOARD MOUSE WIRED INFRA-RED TRACKBALL TOUCH PAD JOYSTICK TOUCH SCREEN * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE OF TRANSACTION OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): Saves characters, format BAR CODE: Identifies products in stores, warehouses, shipments MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR): Special ink identifies bank, account, amount * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION PEN-BASED INPUT: Digitizes signature DIGITAL SCANNER: Translates images & characters into digital form VOICE INPUT DEVICES: Converts spoken word into digital form SENSORS: Devices that collect data from environment for computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges) * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung OUTPUT DEVICES: CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) PRINTER PLOTTER VOICE OUTPUT DEVICE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung DATA PROCESSING BATCH PROCESSING: Transaction data stored until convenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions. ON-LINE PROCESSING: Transaction data entered directly into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access devices. * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung BATCH PROCESSING KEYBOARD INPUT BATCH OF TRANSACTIONS SORTED TRANSACTION FILE OLD MASTER FILE NEW MASTER FILE VALIDATE AND UPDATE ERROR REPORTS REPORTS Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

PROCESS / UPDATE MASTER FILE ON-LINE PROCESSING TRANSACTIONS KEYBOARD PROCESS / UPDATE MASTER FILE MASTER FILE IMMEDIATE INPUT IMMEDIATE PROCESSING IMMEDIATE FILE UPDATE Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA INTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIA TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, VIDEO, ANIMATION STREAMING TECHNOLOGY MP3: Audio compression standard * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS MAINFRAME MIDRANGE & MINICOMPUTER SERVER PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) WORKSTATION SUPERCOMPUTER * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung MAINFRAME MIPS: Millions of Instructions per second LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS MASSIVE DATA COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

MIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTER MIDDLE-RANGE 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung MICROCOMPUTER DESKTOP OR PORTABLE 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS AFFORDABLE MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS CAN BE NETWORKED * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung CLIENT / SERVER NETWORKED COMPUTERS CLIENT: User (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data, application, communications it does not have SERVER: Component (computer) having desired data, application, communications * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung CLIENT / SERVER CLIENT SERVER REQUESTS DATA, SERVICE USER INTERFACE APPLICATION FUNCTION DATA APPLICATION FUNCTION NETWORK RESOURCES Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung WORKSTATION DESKTOP COMPUTER POWERFUL GRAPHICS EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES MULTI-TASKING USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION: e.g.; CAD, engineering, graphics * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

SUPERCOMPUTER TERAFLOP: TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS FASTEST CPUs LARGE SIMULATIONS STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS EXPENSIVE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITE ONE STANDARD GREATER CONTROL DISTRIBUTED: PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKS MORE FLEXIBILITY FASTER RESPONSE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung DOWNSIZING TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERS TO SMALL REDUCES COST SPEEDS RESULTS TO USER COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BEST COOPERATIVE PROCESSING * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung SHARING COMPUTERS NETWORK COMPUTER: Simplified desktop computer stores minimum data to function (uses server) PEER-TO-PEER COMPUTING: Networked computers share data, disk space, processing. Parallel processing on a smaller scale * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

MANAGING HARDWARE ASSETS UNDERSTAND TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS DETERMINE TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP: Hardware, software, installation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructure PLAN CAPACITY & SCALABILITY IDENTIFY TRENDS * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung SOFTWARE DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER OPERATION PROGRAM: SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMPUTER STORED: PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGE SYSTEM SOFTWARE: MANAGES COMPUTER RESOURCES APPLICATION SOFTWARE: SPECIFIC BUSINESS APPLICATION * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung SOFTWARE HARDWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE OPERATING SYSTEM: SCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTS ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCES MONITORS EVENTS LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS: INTERPRETERS COMPILERS UTILITY PROGRAMS: ROUTINE OPERATIONSMANAGE DATA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; COBOL; PL / 1; QBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++; FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEM MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT OPERATING SYSTEM UNUSED MEMORY PROGRAM 1 TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEM OPERATING SYSTEM UNUSED MEMORY PROGRAM 1 PROGRAM 2 PROGRAM 3 MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung MULTITASKING MULTIPROGRAMMING ON A SINGLE-USER SYSTEM SUCH AS A MICROCOMPUTER * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung MULTITHREADING ABILITY TO EXECUTE DIFFERENT PARTS (THREADS) OF A PROGRAM SIMULTANEOUSLY * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung VIRTUAL STORAGE METHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL PROGRAMS IN PRIMARY STORAGE: PROGRAM DIVIDED INTO FIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) OR VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS) CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY STORAGE PORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung TIME SHARING MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU: TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO SLICES (e.g.: 2 MICROSECONDS) EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING SLICE SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH DURING TIME SLICE USER’S JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF SLICE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung MULTIPROCESSING TWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEM PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUs CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLY * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung LANGUAGE TRANSLATION SOURCE CODE: HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS COMPILER: TRANSLATES HIGH-LEVEL CODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE OBJECT CODE: TRANSLATED INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR COMPUTER * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULES SOURCE CODE PROGRAM COMPILER OBJECT CODE LINKAGE EDITOR LOAD MODULE UTILITY PROGRAMS PERFORM ROUTINE TASKS TRANSLATION PROCESS OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULES Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) OPERATING SYSTEM USES: GRAPHIC ICONS: Icons, buttons, bars, boxes POINTER: Mouse, pen, touch screen TO ISSUE COMMANDS MAKE SELECTIONS * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES 32-bit operating system, GUI, multitasking, networking 32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. Multitasking, multiprocessing, networking 32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking, Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devices Windows 98 & 95 Windows NT Me & 2000 Windows CE OS/2 Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES Unix For powerful microcomputers, workstations, minicomputers. Multitasking, multi-user processing, networking. Portable to various computer platforms Linux Free, reliable alternative to Unix, Windows. Runs on many Platforms. Open-source Mac OS For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful graphics, multimedia DOS For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program memory: 640K Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE: binary code 2nd. Since early ’50s. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE: mnemonics for numeric code 3rd. Since mid ‘50s. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES 4th. Since late ‘70s. MODERN APPLICATION PACKAGES Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator): Scientific, Engineering applications COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language): Predominant for transaction processing BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code): General purpose PC language * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES PASCAL: Used to teach structured programming practices. Weak in file handling, input / output C and C++: Powerful PC Language for developing applications. Efficient execution; cross platform. C++ is object oriented * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) CAN BE EMPLOYED BY END USERS NONPROCEDURAL CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLY NATURAL LANGUAGES SIX CATEGORIES * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 1. QUERY LANGUAGES: Rapidly retrieve data Interactive/ on-line May use NATURAL LANGUAGE Support special requests for data from relational databases * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 2. REPORT GENERATORS: Create customized reports Wide range of formats 3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES: Can manipulate drawings, graphs, photos, videos Presentation managers * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 4. APPLICATION GENERATORS: User specifies computer needs Generator creates logic and code for application Greatly reduces development time * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 5. VERY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: Professional programmer productivity tool Uses fewer instructions Reduces development time * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL) 7. SOFTWARE PACKAGE: Commercially available set of programs... WORD PROCESSING SPREADSHEETS DATA MANAGEMENT PRESENTATION MANAGEMENT INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES NOW COMBINE THESE TO SIMPLIFY LEARNING AND USE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung SOFTWARE TOOLS WORD PROCESSING SPREADSHEETS DATA MANAGEMENT PRESENTATION GRAPHICS INTEGRATED SOFTWARE SUITES E-MAIL WEB BROWSERS GROUPWARE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

GROUPWARE CAPABILITIES GROUP WRITING & COMMENTING ELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTION SCHEDULING MEETINGS & APPOINTMENTS SHARED FILES & DATABASES SHARED TIME LINES & PLANS ELECTRONIC MEETINGS & CONFERENCES * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung MIDDLEWARE SOFTWARE ALLOWS DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS TO EXCHANGE DATA * APPLICATION A APPLICATION B MIDDLE WARE DATA Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING COMBINES DATA & PROCEDURES INTO A SINGLE OBJECT PROGRAM SENDS MESSAGE TO OBJECT TO PERFORM EMBEDDED PROCEDURE OBJECT’S DATA ENCAPSULATED FROM REST OF SYSTEM CREATES REUSABLE CODE REDUCES TIME AND COST OF WRITING SOFTWARE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING VISUAL PROGRAMMING: SELECT AND ARRANGE OBJECTS RATHER THAN WRITE CODE CLASS: ALL OBJECTS OF A CLASS HAVE ALL FEATURES OF THAT CLASS INHERITANCE: SPECIFIC CLASS RECEIVES FEATURES OF A MORE GENERAL CLASS OVERRIDE: SUBCLASS MAY OVERRIDE INHERITED METHOD (e.g.: Printout of an HOURLY worker pay check may differ from that of a WEEKLY worker * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING JAVA: Sun Microsystems OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE APPLET: TINY PROGRAM TO EXECUTE SMALL FUNCTION APPLETS DOWNLOADED FROM NETWORK RUN ON ANY COMPUTER & OPERATING SYSTEM RESULT SAVED ON NETWORK, NOT ON PC ONLY NETWORK VERSION OF SOFTWARE NEEDS UPGRADE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING HTML: Hypertext markup language, current favorite for Web pages XML: eXtensible Markup Language, further development of HTML describes data more fully XHTML: Hybrid may replace HTML as standard for Web * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING ActiveX: Controls for Windows software environment to enable OBJECTS: e.g., CHARTS TABLES ANIMATIONS to be EMBEDDED IN A WEB PAGE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

MANAGING SOFTWARE ASSETS RENT OR BUILD DECISIONS APPLICATION SERVICE PROVIDERS SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

SELECTING ORGANIZATIONAL SOFTWARE APPROPRIATENESS EFFICIENCY COMPATIBILITY SUPPORT * Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung

Institut Teknologi Bandung W e e k 3 COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY Muhamad Abduh Institut Teknologi Bandung