Non-farm income as % of rural households budgets  Africa: 30-50% (80-90% in Southern Africa)  South Asia: 60 % (China: over 50% since 2004)  Latin America: 40%

Transfers and remittances  Around 1/3 of annual incomes of poor landless rural households in India  In the poorer areas remittances – often in kind – are essential for food security  Remittances are primarily for consumption, but are also used for investment if circumstances are favourable

Types of mobility  Seasonal – often of the poorer groups (20 million in India)  Temporary – often to towns; large % of young women and men  Permanent – an important contributor to urbanization, but not the only one and often not the main one

Accommodating and supporting migration: policy issues  Protection: migrants’ rights to decent living and working conditions  Making the link between rural and urban areas  Reducing the poorer groups’ exposure to risk, including that from adaptation and mitigation infrastructure