IV. The Domain Eukarya E. Fungi F. Animals G. Human Evolution 1. Overview: Hominidae PongidaeHylobatidae Apes = primates (grasping hands, binocular vision) with no tails Linnaean Classification

IV. The Domain Eukarya E. Fungi F. Animals G. Human Evolution 1. Overview: Hominidae Hylobatidae Phylogenetic Classification

IV. The Domain Eukarya E. Fungi F. Animals G. Human Evolution 1. Overview: Hominidae Hylobatidae 1-4% difference

IV. The Domain Eukarya E. Fungi F. Animals G. Human Evolution 1. Overview: How can the small genetic difference account for the dramatic differences that occur between these species?

IV. The Domain Eukarya E. Fungi F. Animals G. Human Evolution 1. Overview: 2. Patterns: a. Morphological and Behavioral Homo sapiens Chimps, Gorillas Larger Head/body ratiosmaller Smaller jaw/head ratiolarger Shorter limb/body ratiolonger Less hairmore hair Better learningpoorer learning

IV. The Domain Eukarya E. Fungi F. Animals G. Human Evolution 1. Overview: 2. Patterns: a. Morphological and Behavioral Juvenile PrimateAdult Primate Larger Head/body ratiosmaller Smaller jaw/head ratiolarger Shorter limb/body ratiolonger Less hairmore hair Better learningpoorer learning Differences correlate with developmental differences

IV. The Domain Eukarya E. Fungi F. Animals G. Human Evolution 1. Overview: 2. Patterns: a. Morphological and Behavioral Big head, short limbs Small head, long limbs

IV. The Domain Eukarya E. Fungi F. Animals G. Human Evolution 1. Overview: 2. Patterns: a. Morphological and Behavioral b. Genetic Primate Developmental Trajectory Chimp Human Developmental genes can have profound effects on the final morphology of the organism.

What are some of these genetic differences? The HAR1 RNA molecule. - not a coding RNA; probably regulatory - nearby genes associated with transcriptional regulation and neurodevelopment are upregulated in humans. - only 2 changes in sequence between chicks and chimps; 18 between chimps and humans. “HAR” stands for “human accelerated region” – changing more rapidly than drift can explain. why? Selection. -Changes result in a profound change in RNA structure and, presumably, binding efficiency. BeniaminovBeniaminov A, Westhof E, and Krol A WesthofKrol Distinctive structures between chimpanzee and human in a brain noncoding RNA. RNA 14: Beniaminov A et al. RNA 2008;14: IV. The Domain Eukarya E. Fungi F. Animals G. Human Evolution 1. Overview: 2. Patterns: a. Morphological and Behavioral b. Genetic

IV. The Domain Eukarya E. Fungi F. Animals G. Human Evolution 1. Overview: 2. Patterns: a. Morphological and Behavioral b. Genetic c. Fossils Chimpanzee Human Sahelanthropus tchadensis Sahelanthropus tchadensis – discovered in Chad in Dates to 6-7 mya. Only a skull. Is it on the human line? Is it bipedal? Probably not (foramen magnum). Primitive traits, as a common ancestor might have.

Ardipithecus ramidus: mya. Discovered in 1994 by Haile-Sailasse, Suwa, and White, with the most complete fossils were not described until Arboreal, but facultatively bipedal. Grasping toes.

IV. The Domain Eukarya E. Fungi F. Animals G. Human Evolution 1. Overview: 2. Patterns: a. Morphological and Behavioral b. Genetic c. Fossils Chimpanzee Human Homo sapiens Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus Homo habilis Homo erectus Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Innovation: Bipedality Radiation of Bipedal Hominids Competitive contraction?

Australopithecus afarensis: mya. A femur discovered in 1973 by Donald Johansson suggested an upright gait, confirmed by his discovery in 1974 of the ‘Lucy” specimen. Also, the Laetoli prints (found by Mary Leakey) were probably made by A. afarensis, and in 2006, a juvenile A. afaresis was found.

Kenyanthropus platyops: mya – Discovered by Meave Leakey’s team at Lake Turkana; most dispute it warrants another genus, and some even include it in A. afarensis.

Australopithecus garhi: mya; discovered by Asfaw and White in 1996, but the skull below was discovered by Haile-Selasse in The tooth morphology is a bit different from A. afarensis and A. africanus, being much larger than even the robust forms. There are associated stone tools!

Australopithecus sebida: 1.9 mya, describe in 2010 by LE Berger; it has many characteristics like A. africanus, but also similar to genus Homo.

Australopithecus africanus: 2-3 mya, discovered by Raymond Dart in South Africa in 1924 – the ‘Taung child’. Then, in 1947, Robert Broom found a skull he classified as Plesianthropus, but was grouped with A. africanus.

Paranthropus aethiopicus: mya, discovered by Alan Walker and Richard Leakey, the “black skull” is one of the most imposing hominid fossils there is! Aside from the high cheekbones and the sagittal crest, it has similar proportions to A. afarensis and is probably a direct descendant. It probably gave rise to the “robust” lineage of Paranthropus.

Paranthropus boisei: mya. Discovered by Mary Leakey in Olduvai Gorge in 1959, it was originally classified as Zinjanthropus and nicknamed “Zinj” or “nutcracker man” because of the large grinding molars.

Paranthropus robustus: mya. Discovered in South Africa in 1938 by Robert Broom.

Innovation: Bipedality Radiation of Bipedal Hominids Competitive contraction?

Homo habilis: mya, discovered by Louis and Mary Leakey, in association with stone tools. “Handy man”. Longer arms and smaller brain than other members of the genus.

Homo rudolphensis: 1.9 mya; Discovered by Richard and Meave Leakey’s team. Different from H. habilis, yet a contemporary. Either may be ancestral to recent Homo.

Homo georgicus: 1.7 mya; the oldest hominid fossils found outside of Africa – found in Dmanisi, Georgia, in Thought to be a potential intermediate between H. habilis and H. ergaster/H. erectus.

Homo ergaster (H. erectus): mya, the most complete fossil hominid skeleton was discovered in 1984 by Alan Walker who called it “Turkana Boy”. Some consider this species intermediate to H. habilis and H. heidelbergensis/H. sapiens, leaving H. erectus as a distinct Asian offshoot of the main line to H. sapiens. However, most paleontologists suggest that H. ergaster is the African ancestor – even a chronospecies or population - of H. erectus, which is ancestral to more recent Homo species.

Homo erectus: mya; originating in Africa, but then leaving for Asia (Peking and Java Man). Discovered in Java by Eugene Dubois in Certainly one of the most successful hominid species in history; perhaps lasting as relictual species on islands in Indonesia as: Homo floresiensis: 94,000-13,000 years, discovered by Mike Mormood on the island of Flores. Shoulder anatomy is reminiscent of H. erectus, but could be an allometeric function of the small size (3 ft).

Homo cepranensis: 350, ,000 years old; discovered by Italo Biddittu in 1994 in Italy. It is just a skull cap, but seems to be intermediate between H. erectus and H. heidelbergensis.

Homo antecessor: 800, mya; fossils from 20 individuals found in Spain in ; may be H. heidelbergensis or an intermediate between it and H. ergaster. Homo heidelbergensis: ,000 in Europe and Africa; ancestral to H. neaderthalensis and H. sapiens; may have buried their dead. Homo rhodesiensis: ,000; may be H. heidelbergensis or intermediate to it and H. sapiens.

Homo neaderthalensis: 30, ,000; first discovered in Descended from H. heidelbergensis. Homo sapiens idaltu: 160,000 – oldest Homo sapiens fossil – found in Africa in 2003… afar valley.

Innovation: Bipedality Radiation of Bipedal Hominids Competitive contraction?