EOC Review #3: Photosynthesis, Cell Respiration, DNA, Mitosis, and Protein synthesis Christopherson

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis I

Photosynthesis Function To produce glucose (food) for producers The formula for glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6

Photosynthesis: How? Plants absorb sunlight energy, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose

Organisms that Undergo Photosynthesis: Plants

Bacteria

Protists – ex/ Green Algae

Photosynthesis: Location Producer Leaf Leaf Cross-section Chloroplast Chlorophyll: Pigment

Pigments Found inside the thylakoid Absorb sunlight energy and give plants their color.

Photosynthesis Summative Equation (Formula) CO 2 H2OH2O + C 6 H 12 O 6 + O2O2 Sunlight Energy Reactants What is needed Products What is produced

Cell Respiration I: ATP and Anaerobic Respiration Christopherson

Purpose of Cell Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 ATP The process in which glucose (food) is broken down into ATP (usable energy) C 6 H 12 O 6

ATP Structure phosphates Contains adenosine, sugar, and three phosphates

Does ATP have ENERGY? YES

Photosynthesis Summative Equation (Formula) CO 2 H2OH2O + C 6 H 12 O 6 + O2O2 Reactants Need? Products Produced? ATP +

Anaerobic Respiration Respiration that occurs without oxygen present

Organisms that undergo Anaerobic Respiration: All living things

Process: Anaerobic Respiration Simple Organisms Glucose: C-C-C-C-C-C Pyruvate: C-C-C and C-C-C ATP Fermentation

Breaking down of Pyruvate: Simple Organisms - Result Pyruvate is broken down into waste. It’s trash. This process is Fermentation. Pyruvate

Breaking down of Pyruvate Simple Organisms Bacteria Yeast

Process: Anaerobic Respiration Complex Organisms Glucose: C-C-C-C-C-C Pyruvate: C-C-C and C-C-C ATP To the Mitochondria (Aerobic Respiration)

Aerobic Respiration Respiration that occurs with oxygen present

Organisms that undergo Aerobic Respiration: Complex Organisms (Everything BUT Bacteria and Yeast)

Mitochondria Function: Breaks down sugar into ATP (usable form of energy); Powerhouse of the cell Location: Throughout the cell

Aerobic Respiration RESULT C-C-C and C-C-C Pyruvate ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP O2O2 O 2 is the key to the mitochondria

DNA Structure and Discovery Christopherson

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is a Nucleic Acid Monomer: Nucleotide

Structure of a Nucleotide 1. Phosphate 2. Deoxyribose 3. Nitrogen Base a. Adenine b. Thymine c. Cytosine d. Guanine

Structure of DNA Deoxyribose Phosphate Nitrogen Bases

Practice with Base Pairing A T C G G C T A C G A T T A G C C G A T G C T A Sugar and Phosphate

Cell Cycle Summary

What is a Body Cell? All the cells that make up the “body” of an organism.

What is a Homologous Pair? A pair of chromosomes that are very similar; one is from your mom and the other from your dad

Diploid? Formula: 2n n = the number of chromosomes 2 = that homologous pairs are present -Normal number of chromosomes in organisms body cell

Total Number of Chromosomes in a Human Body Cell

Purpose of the Cell Cycle To grow, replace old cells, or reproduction

Location of the Cell Cycle Within an organisms body cells

1 st Step of the Cell Cycle Interphase: Cell prepares to divide by making more organelles and cytoplasm (G1 and G2); Replicates DNA (S)

2 nd Step of the Cell Cycle Mitosis: The replicated DNA is separated Made up of PMAT Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

3 rd Step of the Cell Cycle Cytokinesis: The cell divides the organelles and cytoplasm into the new cell

End Result of the Cell Cycle Two identical cells with the same number of chromosomes Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis

If an organism has 50 chromosomes and it undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes will be present in the new cells?

If an organisms diploid number chromosome is 100, how many chromosomes will be present in the new cells?

What is a GENE? Instruction manual for our body Portion of the DNA that “codes” (has the directions) for a specific trait.

Where is a Gene? Within DNA The nitrogen bases spell out the instructions

RNA Ribonucleic Acid Make up of Nucleotides Contains Phosphorus

RNA Nucleotide A B C Phosphate Ribose Nitrogen Base Guanine Cytosine Adenine Uracil

How is DNA different from RNA?

DNA versus RNA: # of Strands 1 strand2 strands

DNA versus RNA: Sugar DeoxyriboseRibose

DNA versus RNA: Bonds with Adenine AdenineThymineAdenineUracil DNARNA

What are the types of RNA?

mRNA Function Copy a message from a gene on DNA DNA mRNA

tRNA Function Carries amino acids to mRNA mRNA Amino Acids

Brief summary of Protein synthesis A protein is made from a gene on DNA

Brief Summary of Transcription Make mRNA from a gene on DNA

Transcription Animation Transcription Animation #2

Transcribe the following TAC GGC AAA TAG GAT TTT CCA TTA AGT DNA AUG CCG UUU AUC CUA AAA GGU AAU UCA mRNA

Location of Translation Ribosome

Brief Summary of Translation Make a protein from mRNA

AUG CGC GGA UCC UCA UAA mRNA UACAGUAUUAGGCCUGCG Met Ser Stop SerGl y Arg Three base sequence in mRNA is called a codon Codon Ribosome A ribosome attaches to mRNAA tRNA anticodon matches with a mRNA codon Anticodon Codon Another tRNA anticodon matches with a codon rRNA forms a peptide bond between the amino acids Peptide Bond First tRNA leaves and the ribosome shifts. A new tRNA fills empty space. Another peptide bond is formed and the process continues A protein has been made ProteinAmino acid

Translation Animation #1

TAC GGA CAT GAC GGG AAA ACT AUG CCU GUA CUG CCC UUU UGA Met – Pro – Val – Leu – Pro – Phe - STOP DNA mRNA Amino Acid

Mutations

What is a mutation? Change in the DNA nitrogen base sequence of a gene

How do Mutations Occur? Damaged DNA caused by agents such as sunlight, smoke, radiation; It can also be inherited

Category of Mutation: Point Change in one base of the DNA sequence. Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat Point mutation: The fat hat ate the wee rat

Example of Point Mutation: Sickle Cell Anemia

Sickle Cell Anemia: Point Mutation

Category of Mutation: Frameshift Addition or deletion of a DNA base resulting in a different sequence of DNA. Original: The fat cat ate the wee rat Frameshift mutation: The fat ata tet hew eer at

Tay Sachs Disease: Frameshift Mutation