Belgian contribution to ozone research and monitoring Jean-Christopher Lambert Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (IASB-BIRA), Brussels, Belgium 9th WMO/UNEP ORM Meeting, Geneva, National and Regional Reports – Region 6: Europe

Observations (1) – Ground-based Long-term ground-based measurements – Sustained contribution to GAW, NDACC, TCCON Dobson #40 (since 1971) in Uccle, moved in 2009 to Kiev Brewer #16 (since 1983) & Brewer #178 (since 2001) in Uccle Brewer #100 (since 01/2011) at Belgian Antarctic Stat. Princess Elisabeth ECC ozone soundings (since 1997) and Brewer-Mast archive ( ) Network of UV measurements over Belgium FTIR spectrometer at the Jungfraujoch (since early 1980s) O 3, NO 2, HNO 3, CO, CH 4, N 2 O, HCl, ClONO 2, HF, COF 2, CCl 2 F 2, CHClF 2, CCl 4 … DOAS UV-VIS spectrometers at the Jungfraujoch O 3, NO 2 (since 1990) + BrO, H 2 O, HCHO, aerosols (since 2010) DOAS UV-VIS spectrometers at Harestua (since 1994) O 3, NO 2, BrO, OClO DOAS UV-VIS spectrometers at OHP (since 1998) O 3, NO 2, BrO, OClO, HCHO FTIR spectrometer at Reunion Island (since 2002/2009, new CO/CO 2 FTIR in 2010) O 3, NO 2, HNO 3, CO, CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, HCl, ClONO 2 … DOAS UV-VIS spectrometers at Reunion Island ( ) O 3, NO 2, BrO, HCHO DOAS UV-VIS spectrometers in Bujumbura (since 2014) WMO/UNEP 9ORM, Geneva,

Observations: Total ozone trend at Uccle De Backer et al., 2013 Figure 1: Running annual mean of total ozone (in Dobson Units) from Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometers in Uccle, Belgium. WMO/UNEP 9ORM, Geneva,

Ozone trends from NDACC FTIRs Vigouroux et al. (2008) provide total ozone trends from homogenized FTIR measurements in European stations, over the 1995–2004 period. These trends have been updated for the 1995–2009 period for the present Assessment and are summarized in Table 2-1. Because the time series are too short to employ the multi-regression models, a bootstrap resampling method was used, which allows for non-normally distributed data and gives an independent evaluation of the uncertainty in the trend value (Gardiner et al., 2008). The total column trends are close to zero and not significant at all stations except at Kiruna, where the trend is significantly positive. Update for the WMO/UNEP Ozone Assessment 2014 WMO/UNEP 9ORM, Geneva,

Observations: UV radiation/indices WMO/UNEP 9ORM, Geneva,

Observations: UV radiation/indices WMO/UNEP 9ORM, Geneva,

Observations: (H)CFCs at JFJ WMO/UNEP 9ORM, Geneva,

Observations: HCFC-142b at JFJ WMO/UNEP 9ORM, Geneva, Mahieu et al., 2013

Observations (2) – Satellites Satellite measurements SOLSPEC and SOVIM on SOLAR/ISS GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, GOME-2A/B GOMOS, IASI, MIPAS, SCIAMACHY, ACE-FTS… Upcoming: TropOMI/S-5p, Sentinels 4 and 5, IASI-NG, others Interest: O 3, sources, reservoirs, GHG, aerosols, UV radiation Activities Mission advisory, instrumental development Development of retrieval algorithms Generation of level-2/3/4 data products (incl. DA) Support to operationalisation and operations Geophysical validation and QA monitoring Scientific interpretation International cooperation: CEOS, ESA, GMES/Copernicus, IO 3 C, NDACC, O3M-SAF etc. WMO/UNEP 9ORM, Geneva,

 Three instruments covering solar spectral irradiance from 17 nm to 100 μm (99% of solar energy) SOLSPEC (SOLar SPECtral Irradiance measurements): 180 nm – nm; developed by CNRS (France) in partnership with BIRA-IASB (Belgium) and LSW (Germany) SOVIM (SOlar Variable and Irradiance Monitor): near-UV, visible and thermal (200 nm – 100 μm); developed by PMOD/WRC (Davos, Switzerland) with one instrument’s radiometers provided by IRM-KMI (Belgium) SOL-ACES (SOLar Auto-Calibrating Extreme UV/UV Spectrophotometers): EUV/UV; developed by IPM (Germany)  Facility Support Centre: Belgian USOC at BIRA-IASB ISS / COLUMBUS SOLAR

Support to Ozone Long-Term Monitoring with European Sensors S CIA. G OME ~35 years G OME-2 E 39C-A (SCN-B2d), Stenke et al., ACP, 2009 G OME /S CIAMACHY /G OME-2, Loyola et al., IJRS Montreal Protocol special issue, 2009 S5 S4 S5p O MI June 1995 WMO/UNEP 9ORM, Geneva,

O3M-08 Offline Bromine Monoxide OTO/BrO Column retrievals from MetOp-A/B GOME-2  Framework: Support to O3M-SAF Continuous Development and Operations, for GOME-2 data product development and validation  Activities: Develop state-of-the-art algorithms for trace gas retrievals from GOME-2, and support their integration into the operational processor at DLR-Oberpfaffenhofen Assess consistency with other sensors (GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI) and between GOME-2A and GOME-2B Perform initial validation and routine monitoring of data products.  Data products: UV-Vis nadir trace gases: O 3, NO 2, BrO, SO 2, HCHO, CHOCHO… O3M-09 Offline Total Sulfur Dioxide OTO/SO2 WMO/UNEP 9ORM, Geneva,

IASI operational and science processing (1) Local-to global atmospheric concentrations IASI spectrum lifetime NH 3 CFC12 CFC11 N 2 O CO 2 CH 4 OCS CO O 3 HNO 3 SO 2 H 2 O + Iso VOCs IASI species hours days Weeks years Radiative transfer Retrievals Radiance Measurements Weather Atmospheric chemistry Climate WMO/UNEP 9ORM, Geneva,

Figure 2: Five years' time series of ozone vmrs from IASI, looked at separately in the stratosphere, the UTLS and the troposphere (Wespes et al., in preparation) IASI operational and science processing (2)

Contribution to ESA CCI-Ozone Core Management Team CMT M. Van Roozendael BIRA Earth Observation Science Team EO Science Team 1 EOST-1 D. Loyola DLR-IMF EO Science Team 2 EOST-2 R. van der A KNMI EO Science Team 3 EOST-3 M. Weber IUP Validation Team VALT J.C. Lambert BIRA Climate Research Group CRG M. Dameris DLR-PA System Engineering Team SET M. Wolfmüller DLR-DFD 13 partners Total ozone Nadir profilesLimb/occultation WMO/UNEP 9ORM, Geneva,

Multi-mission consistency of ozone profilers ESA CCI / ProDEx A3C/ SPARC OP3trends / WMO O3S-DQA (contributions to SI2N final meeting, Helsinki, Sept. 2013) WMO/UNEP 9ORM, Geneva,

Dekemper et al., Applied Optics 2012 ALTIUS – Mission concept -UV-Vis-NIR spectral imager on- board a PROBA platform on Sun- synchronous LEO. -3 modes : limb scattering + solar occultation + stellar occultation. -3 independant spectral channels with AOTF (TeO 2 and KDP). -Target species : O 3, NO 2, CH 4, H 2 O, BrO, PSC, aerosols,... ALTIUS – Current status Now in Phase B1 towards PDR. ALTIUS – Breadboarding - Demonstration of spectral performance with NO 2 (VIS) and O 3 (UV). - Spectral imaging. - Instrument characterisation. - Test case: Remote sensing of NO 2 emissions from incinerator WMO/UNEP 9ORM, Geneva,

Activities associated with 8ORM recommendations Observation of O 3 AND related species AND climate related species => O 3, reactive gases, ODSs, ODS substitutes, GHGs, aerosols QA of data => homogeneity survey of networks, establishment of validation protocols (for O3, AQ, GHG, GAS…), multi-mission validation of satellite data records (in climate change context) Metadata => efforts to improve satellite and GB metadata, inclusion of information content (e.g. averaging kernels), improvement of generic metadata for atmospheric composition Development of gap filling satellite mission ALTIUS; contribution to Sentinel-5 Precursor, Sentinel-4 and Sentinel-5 Reducing measurement uncertainty => BELSPO/ProDEx A3C, ESA QWGs, EUMETSAT O3M-SAF, ESA CCI-Ozone and CCI-GHG Understand differences between data sets => field campaigns, ACSO, multi-dimensional observation operators… Improved ozone cross-sections => ACSO: satellite retrieval studies Increased level of collaboration between observational networks (and with satellite missions) => CEOS and NDACC sponsored campaigns, involvement in NDACC WGs, system engineering for the GMES/Copernicus Atmospheric Service, EU FP7 NORS WMO/UNEP 9ORM, Geneva,